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Saguinus mystax (Spix, 1823) Spix’s Mustached Tamarin Saguinus pileatus pileatus (I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire & Deville, 1848) Red-capped Mustached Tamarin Saguinus pileatus pluto (Lönnberg, 1926) White-rumped Mustached Tamarin Saguinus kulina Lopes, Rohe, Bertuol, Polo, Lima, Valsecchi, Santos, Nash, Silva, Boubli, Farias & Hrbek, 2023 Kulinas’ Tamarin DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14526 Illustrations by Stephen D. Nash. |
Abstract
Although the Amazon has the greatest diversity of primates, there are still taxonomic uncertainties for many taxa, such as the species of the Saguinus mystax group. The most geographically broadly distributed and phenotypically diverse species in this group is S. mystax, and its phenotypic diversity has been recognized as three subspecies—S. mystax mystax, S. mystax pileatus and S. mystax pluto—with non-overlapping geographic distributions. In this sense, we carried out an extensive field survey in their distribution areas and used a framework of taxonomic hypothesis testing of genomic data combined with an integrative taxonomic decision-making framework to carry out a taxonomic revision of S. mystax. Our tests supported the existence of three lineages/species. The first species corresponds to Saguinus mystax mystax from the left bank of the Juruá River, which was raised to the species level, and we also discovered and described animals from the Juruá–Tefé interfluve previously attributed to S. mystax mystax as a new species. The subspecies S. m. pileatus and S. m. pluto are recognized as a single species, under a new nomenclatural combination. However, given their phenotypic distinction and allopatric distribution, they potentially are a manifestation of an early stage of speciation, and therefore we maintain their subspecific designations.
Order Primates Linnaeus, 1758
Family Callitrichidae Thomas, 1903
Genus Saguinus Hoffmannsegg, 1807
Saguinus mystax (Spix, 1823)
Common name: Spix’s Mustached Tamarin
Distribution. Saguinus mystax occurs in Peru and Brazil (Fig. 2).
Saguinus pileatus pileatus (I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire & Deville, 1848) comb. nov.
Common name: Red-capped Mustached Tamarin
Saguinus pileatus pluto (Lönnberg, 1926) comb. nov.
Common name: White-rumped Mustached Tamarin
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| Coat color pattern of Saguinus mystax and Saguinus sp. analyzed in this study. Illustrations by Stephen D. Nash. |
Saguinus kulina sp. n. Lopes, Rohe, Bertuol, Polo, Lima, Valsecchi, Santos, Nash, Silva, Boubli, Farias & Hrbek, 2023.
Common name: Kulinas’ Tamarin (English),
sauim-dos-kulinas (Portuguese), pishi (Kulina).
Diagnostic characters: The new species is diagnosable from all other species of Saguinus by mantle and forelimbs light black brown subterminal band yellow, saddle, rump and hindlimbs light black with brown (Table 1; Figs. 3 and 4).
Etymology. The specific name is a noun in apposition and honors the Kulina indigenous peoples of the Kumaru Indigenous Territory, the largest indigenous territory within Juruá–Tefé interfluve.
Geographic Distribution. Saguinus kulina sp. n. is endemic to the western Amazonia, occurring between the right bank of the Juruá River and the left bank of the Tefé River (Fig. 2).
Conclusions:
We describe a new species of Saguinus from the Juruá–Tefé interfluve based on robust genomic evidence, pelage characters and geographic distribution. We also elevate Saguinus mystax to the species level, but we find no conclusive evidence for species level differentiation of Saguinus p. pileatus and Saguinus p. pluto. Finally, we emphasize that field surveys and scientific collection of specimens are essential for the continued advancement of knowledge of primate diversity specifically, and all Amazon biodiversity in general.
Gerson Paulino Lopes, Fábio Rohe, Fabrício Bertuol, Erico Polo, Ivan Junqueira Lima, João Valsecchi, Tamily Carvalho Melo Santos, Stephen D. Nash, Maria Nazareth Ferreira da Silva, Jean P. Boubli, Izeni Pires Farias and Tomas Hrbek. 2023. Taxonomic Review of Saguinus mystax (Spix, 1823) (Primates, Callitrichidae), and Description of A New Species. PeerJ. 11:e14526. DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14526
