[Herpetology • 2026] Pristimantis milpe • Long overdue: A New, widespread, species of Pristimantis (Anura: Strabomantidae) from the Chocó region and the synonymy of Pristimantis subsigillatus

 Pristimantis milpe 

Ron, Paredes-Aguirre, Paucar, López, Apunte & Ortega, 2026 

 

DOI: doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1286.194383  

 x.com/santiak

Abstract

As currently defined, Pristimantis subsigillatus is a species of the P. lacrimosus species group distributed in the Chocó of Colombia and Ecuador, from lowlands to Andean foothill forests. Upon re-examination of the holotype of P. subsigillatus, we conclude that the populations currently ascribed to P. subsigillatus are not conspecific with the holotype. Instead, the holotype is conspecific with one of the syntypes of P. latidiscus, a species described four years before from a nearby locality. To avoid the ambiguity in the application of the binomen Hylodes latidiscus, we designate a lectotype. As a result, P. subsigillatus becomes a junior synonym of P. latidiscus. The misidentified populations represent an undescribed species which we describe based on morphological, bioacoustic, and genetic data as Pristimantis milpe sp. nov. The new species has one of the widest distributions among Chocoan Pristimantis and is unusual for having sexual dimorphism in coloration. It is most closely related to Pristimantis degener from which it diverged in the late Miocene and is morphologically distinct. The fact that such a common species remained “invisible” to taxonomy highlights the importance of correctly establishing the link between the name-bearing types and natural populations. Finally, we discuss how taxonomic treatments of Pristimantis during the second half of the 20th century often made this non-trivial error.

Key words: Andes, holotype, integrative taxonomy, lectotype, phylogeny, systematics

Pristimantis milpe sp. nov.

Common name. English: Milpe Rain Frog.
Spanish: Cutín de Milpe.

Diagnosis. We assign the new species to the genus Pristimantis based on the phylogeny (Fig. 5). Species of Pristimantis characterized by: (1) smooth to slightly tuberculate dorsal skin, areolate belly; discoidal fold evident; dorsolateral folds absent; (2) tympanum condition B; tympanic ring covered dorsally by supratympanic fold, tympanic membrane not differentiated; (3) truncate snout in dorsal view and protruding in lateral view; (4) upper eyelid generally without tubercles (occasionally one tiny tubercle present); (5) cranial crests absent; (6) oblique dentigerous processes of vomers; (7) vocal slits present, nuptial pads ...

Photographs showing color variation in living adult males of  Pristimantis milpe sp. nov.
 A. QCAZ-A 77106, holotype, SVL = 24.77 mm; B. QCAZ-A 76585, paratype, SVL = 26.97 mm; C. QCAZ-A 76518, paratype, SVL = 26.06 mm; D. QCAZ-A 65561, SVL = 19.64 mm; E. QCAZ-A 67428, SVL = 26.47 mm. Left column: dorsolateral view; central column: dorsal view; right column: ventral view. F. QCAZ-A 79899; note significant color change within a period of less than 24 h. Locality data for all specimens is provided in the holotype and paratypes sections.

Photographs showing color variation in living adult/subadult females of Pristimantis milpe sp. nov.
  A. QCAZ-A 67424, paratype, adult female, SVL = 32.07 mm; B. QCAZ-A 45268, paratype, subadult female, SVL = 29.44 mm; C. QCAZ-A 74171, paratype, adult female, SVL = 34.21 mm; D. QCAZ-A 74172, paratype, adult female, SVL = 34.17 mm; E. QCAZ-A 51314, adult female, SVL = 33.13 mm. Left column: dorsolateral view; central column: dorsal view; right column: ventral view. Locality data for all specimens is provided in the paratypes section.

Etymology. The specific epithet is a noun in apposition and refers to the type locality, the Milpe Bird Sanctuary, a private reserve in Pichincha Province, Ecuador. The sanctuary protects ~ 100 ha of Foothill Montane Forest and is part of the Andean Chocó, one of the most diverse and threatened regions on the planet. The Milpe Bird Sanctuary is managed by the Mindo Cloudforest Foundation, a non-profit organization dedicated to the conservation of biodiversity in the Andean Chocó. The Foundation maintains close relationships with local communities, promoting environmental education, sustainable livelihoods, and participatory management of natural resources. It also supports other private reserves and local Decentralized Autonomous Governments in forest restoration through the production of native plants in their nurseries, strengthening long-term conservation in the region.

Santiago R. Ron, Poulette Paredes-Aguirre, Diego A. Paucar, Yaara López, Katherine Apunte and Jhael A. Ortega. 2026. Long overdue: A New, widespread, species of Pristimantis (Anura, Strabomantidae) from the Chocó region and the synonymy of Pristimantis subsigillatus. ZooKeys. 1286: 121-152. DOI: doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1286.194383 [24 Jul 2026] 

 x.com/santiak/status/2081416238371135900

[Herpetology • 2026] Pristimantis etsa • A New rain frog of the Genus Pristimantis (Anura: Craugastoridae) from the Cordillera del Cóndor, southeastern Ecuador

Pristimantis etsa

Figueroa-Coronel, Cisneros-Heredia, Brito-Zapata, Carrión-Olmedo & Reyes-Puig, 2026

 

 DOI: doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1282.187506

Abstract

A new species of Pristimantis is described from the Cordillera del Cóndor, Zamora Chinchipe Province, southeastern Ecuador, based on morphological and molecular data, Pristimantis etsa sp. nov. The new species is diagnosed from its congeners by the following combination of characters: female SVL 32.5 mm and male SVL 18.3 mm, dorsolateral folds formed by rows of subconical tubercles, strongly areolate ventral skin, two distinct rows of forearm tubercles, one along the ventrolateral margin and a second along the externolateral margin of the forearm, and a prominent yellow groin blotch in the female holotype. The species belongs to the Pristimantis cryptomelas group, part of the Huicundomantis subgenus, and is closely related to P. nangaritza, P. verrucosus, and P. plateado. Currently, the species is known only from its type locality, where it inhabits low montane evergreen forests at elevations of 1,655–1,830 m. Additionally, we discuss the use of the term “ulnar tubercles” in Pristimantis, noting that it may refer to tubercles occupying different positions on the forearm.

Key words: Amphibia, forearm tubercles, Huicundomantis, sub-Andean cordilleras

Color in life of Pristimantis etsa sp. nov.
A, E. Dorsolateral view; B, F. Dorsal view; C, G. Ventral view, and D, H. Groin.
(A–D) ZSFQ 6188; (E–H) ZSFQ 6189.

Photographs by David Brito-Zapata and Carolina Reyes-Puig.

Pristimantis etsa sp. nov.

 Proposed standard English name. Etsa Rain Frog.

Proposed standard Spanish name. Cutín de Etsa.

Generic placement. The new species is assigned to Pristimantis based on the presence of a differentiated tympanic membrane, S-shaped adductor muscles, and expanded terminal discs on digits bearing well-defined circumferential grooves (Hedges et al. 2008).

Diagnosis. The diagnosis is summarized in Table 1, and a visual comparison of P. etsa sp. nov. and P. nangaritza is shown in Fig. 8. The species included in the comparative diagnosis were selected because they are phylogenetically close to Pristimantis etsa sp. nov. within the P. cryptomelas group or because they share one or more externally similar characters, especially colored groin, ulnar tuberculation, and occurrence in the Cordillera del Cóndor, southern Ecuador, or adjacent northern Peru. Pristimantis etsa sp. nov. is distinguished from these congeners by the following combination of characters: snout rounded in dorsal view and profile; dorsolateral folds conspicuous, composed of subconical ...

Etymology. The specific epithet etsa is a noun in apposition derived from the Shuar language. Among the Shuar people, an indigenous nationality inhabiting eastern Ecuador and northern Peru, including parts of the Cordillera del Cóndor, Etsa is a powerful anthropomorphic being whose primary manifestation is the sun. In Shuar cosmology, Etsa acts as a cultural transmitter who endows animals and people with essential skills, such as hunting techniques, restores life to forest birds, and upholds moral order (Pellizaro 1984; Barrueco 1985).

 Elías Figueroa-Coronel, Diego F. Cisneros-Heredia, David Brito-Zapata, Julio C. Carrión-Olmedo and Carolina Reyes-Puig. 2026. A New rain frog of the Genus Pristimantis (Anura, Craugastoridae) from the Cordillera del Cóndor, southeastern Ecuador. ZooKeys. 1282: 205-228. DOI: doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1282.187506 [15 Jun 2026]

[Herpetology • 2026] Pristimantis fergusoni • A New spiny frog of the Genus Pristimantis (Anura: Strabomantidae) from the eastern slopes of the Ecuadorian Andes

 

Pristimantis fergusoni 

J. P. Reyes-Puig, Yánez-Muñoz, Ron, Venegas, Ortega, Carrión-Olmedo & C. Reyes-Puig, 2026 

 

DOI: doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1269.162260

Abstract

A new species of rain frog from the upper montane forest of the eastern Andes in the upper Pastaza watershed, Ecuador is described. Pristimantis fergusoni sp. nov. is characterized by its short snout, conical tubercles on upper eyelids and heels, combined with a scarlet colored belly in females. These unique traits differentiate the new species among other Pristimantis of upper montane eastern Ecuadorian Andes. Phylogenetic analyses support its validity and place it within a clade nested with other tuberculated species occurring along the Andean slopes. Pristimantis fergusoni sp. nov. is currently known from only two close localities (Cerro Candelaria and Chamana Reserves) at elevations between 2972 and 3200 m elevation, within the Llanganates-Sangay Ecological Corridor. Data Deficient IUCN status is proposed until new information is available. Individuals were observed at night perched on vegetation in herbaceous and arbustive vegetation of upper montane forest. This discovery contributes to a growing body of evidence identifying the upper Pastaza valley as a hotspot of amphibian endemism and diversification. With this addition, 30 strabomantid species are described for this region in the last decades, underscoring its conservation importance. This discovery highlights the urgent need for integrated taxonomic efforts combining fieldwork, morphology, and molecular data to resolve complex evolutionary relationships within the megadiverse genus Pristimantis, especially in underexplored high-elevation habitats of the tropical Andes. Finally, we provide an updated phylogeny for this clade that clarifies its evolutionary relationships.

Key words: Amphibia, Andean slopes, morphology, Pristimantis gualacenio species complex, taxonomy

Life color and sexual dimorphism in Pristimantis fergusoni sp. nov.
A. Female holotype DHMECN 13318; B. Female DHMECN 19390;
C. Male DHMECN 19388; D. Male DHMECN 19389.

Dorsal and ventral view, respectively. Photographs by J. P. Reyes-Puig.

Pristimantis fergusoni sp. nov.

Live photographs of the new species and comparison with related and similar Pristimantis species from eastern Andes of Ecuador.
A. Pristimantis fergusoni sp. nov., female holotype DHMECN 13318, from Cerro Candelaria; B. P. gualacenio DHMECN 10748, from Area de Conservación Municipal Tinajillas; C. P. bellae DHMECN 4812, from Cerro Candelaria;
D. P. eriphus DHMECN 5209, from Río Zuñag; E. P. incanus DHMECN 11857, from Reventador; F. P. roni, DHMECN 11313, from Sardinayacu; 
G. P. katoptroides QCAZ58900, from Sadinayacu; H. P. inusitatus not collected, from Napo San Isidro; I. P. galdi DHMECN 9640, from Reserva Tapichalaca;
J. P. colonensis DHMECN 6414, from La Bonita; K. P. venegasi MZUTI 6571; L. P. yanezi DHMECN 13309, from Río Zuñag.

Photographs by JPRP, MYM, SRR, Juan Carlos Sánchez-Nivicela, and Patricia Bejarano-Muñoz.

  Juan Pablo Reyes-Puig, Mario H. Yánez-Muñoz, Santiago R. Ron, Pablo J. Venegas, Jhael Ortega, Julio C. Carrión-Olmedo and Carolina Reyes-Puig. 2026. A New spiny frog of the Genus Pristimantis (Anura, Strabomantidae) from the eastern slopes of the Ecuadorian Andes. ZooKeys. 1269: 83-105. DOI: doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1269.162260 [13-02-2026]

[Herpetology • 2026] Pristimantis mecada • A New Species of Pristimantis (Anura: Craugastoridae) from the western Slopes of the Serranía del Baudó, Chocó, Colombia

Pristimantis mecada

Garzón-Franco, Durango, Ospina-Sarria & Arredondo, 2026

 

DOI: doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.4.1  

Researchgate.net/publication/400583019

Abstract

We describe a new species of Pristimantis based on morphological and acoustic evidence from the western slopes of the Serranía del Baudó, tentatively assigned to the Pristimantis ridens species group. The new species can be distinguished from congeneric species by having coppery or reddish bronze iris, with fine black reticulations and light blue sclera, upper eyelid bearing one to three subconical tubercles, posterior surfaces of thighs generally solid brown, with small cream specks present in a few cases and groin solid brown, with some individuals showing a cream or golden blotch. Moreover, this new species distribution is notably distant from the other most similar species, inhabiting the humid lowland tropical forests of the western slopes of the Serranía del Baudó. With the description of this new species, the Pristimantis ridens species group reaches 31 species, that can be found in the Andean and Pacific regions from Central America to northern Peru.

Amphibia, Bioacoustics, Biogeographical Chocó, Pristimantis ridens species group, Taxonomy

 Holotype of Pristimantis mecada in life (EAFIT-0050, SVL = 26.2 mm, adult female).
(A) Lateral view; (B) ventral view; coloration of the posterior surfaces of thigh (C) and groin (D), showing absence of conspicuous marks or spots.

Photos by Juan C. Arredondo.

Pristimantis mecada sp. nov. 

Esteban GARZÓN-FRANCO, Juan-P. DURANGO, Jhon Jairo OSPINA-SARRIA and Juan C. ARREDONDO. 2026. A New Species of Pristimantis (Anura: Craugastoridae) from the western Slopes of the Serranía del Baudó, Chocó, Colombia. Zootaxa. 5757(4); 301-323. DOI: doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.4.1 [2026-02-09]

 Researchgate.net/publication/400583019_A_new_species_of_Pristimantis_from_the_western_slopes_of_the_Serrania_del_Baudo_Choco_Colombia

[Herpetology • 2025] Cryptomantis subgenus nov. & Pristimantis paganus • Vast Cryptic Diversity in Direct-developing Frogs Pristimantis (Anura: Strabomantidae): A New Subgenus and the Description of A New Species from the eastern Andes of Ecuador

 

Pristimantis paganus  

Loza-Carvajal, Yánez-Muñoz, Quilumbaquin & Ortega-Andrade, 2025

 

Amazonian pagan rainfrog| Cutín pagano Amazónico  ||  DOI: doi.org/10.7717/peerj.20512

Abstract 

Pristimantis, a genus of direct-developing frogs within the family Strabomantidae, comprises 617 recognized species, making it the most species-rich genus of vertebrates worldwide. This group include 264 described (43% of the world) species in Ecuador, being one of the countries in the region with the highest rate of species description, greatest diversity and endemism. In this study, we analyze the phylogenetic position and describe a new Pristimantis species from the Colonso Chalupas Biological Reserve and Llanganates National Park in northeastern Ecuador, using phylogenetic, genetic, morphological, and geographic evidence. Additionally, we propose a new subgenus within Pristimantis that includes the Pristimantis prolatus and Pristimantis bicantus species groups. Our results indicate that the new species and related species form a well-supported group with significant genetic divergence based on the 16S rRNA gene (average uncorrected p-distance = 2.8–7.5%), within the Pristimantis bicantus species group. Morphologically, the new species is characterized by a black to dark-gray dorsum and marbled venter (less intense or brown in males), being endemic to the Guacamayos mountain range and the Llanganates region in the northeastern Andean foothills of Ecuador. We emphasize the importance of including topotypic specimens to analyze and compare species groups to delimiting species, like Pristimantis.

 

Keywords: Integrative taxonomy, Cryptic diversity, Pristimantis paganus sp. nov., Pristimantis prolatus group, Pristimantis bicantus group, Cryptomantis gen. nov.

Pristimantis paganus sp. nov. 
Holotype in life DHMECN 16810, adult female, SVL = 27.2 mm.
(A) Dorsal view; (B) frontal view; (C) lateral view; (D) ventral view. Photographs by Mario H. Yánez Muñoz.

Pristimantis paganus sp. nov.

Suggested common English name: Amazonian pagan rainfrog

Common name in Spanish: Cutín pagano Amazónico.

Diagnosis. Pristimantis paganus sp. nov. (Figs. 2–7) is a member of the subgenus Cryptomantis and P. bicantus species group, characterized by the following combination of characters: (1) dorsal skin finely granular with dorso-laterally aligned flattened warts, areolate venter, discoidal fold present and visible posteriorly, dorsolateral folds weak and discontinuous in females, continuous in males; scapular W-shaped fold in males; (2) tympanic membrane and tympanic annulus present, round, horizontal diameter of tympanum equal to 38% of eye diameter, antero-dorsal margin with a supratympanic fold and large subconical postrictal tubercles; (3) snout short, subacuminate in dorsal view, rounded in profile with slightly flared lips; (4) upper eyelid with at least three to four large rounded tubercles surrounded by several small rounded tubercles, two subconical tubercles behind each eye; no cranial crest; (5) dentigerous processes of vomers, oblique in outline each process with 3–8 teeth; (6) vocal slits absent; no nuptial pad and no vocal sac; (7) Finger I shorter than Finger II; broad, expanded disks dilated with circummarginal grooves; (8) fingers with thin lateral cutaneous fringes; (9) subarticular tubercles, present, prominent; hyperdistal subarticular tubercle, present; ulnar tubercles absent; (10) heel with one subconical tubercle; outer edge with two flattened tubercles, tarsal fold absent; (11) inner metatarsal tubercle oval in females 3 times larger than rounded outer metatarsal tubercle; supernumerary tubercles absent; (12) toes with thin lateral fringes present, interdigital membrane absent, Toe V longer than Toe III; (13) The distinctive coloration of females, characterized by a uniformly black dorsum and black markings on a cream to pinkish-cream background on the flanks, belly, and throat, distinguishes this species from its congeners and other Pristimantis species inhabiting the eastern montane forests of Ecuador; (14) adult males, SVL = 17.20–21.5 mm (mean = 19.6, n = 13), females SVL= 24.8–29.8 mm (mean = 29.6 mm, n = 6), (Tables 2, 3, S3).

Etymology. The specific epithet is from the Latin word “paganus”, an adjective derived from “pagus”, which refers to the inhabitants of the forest or village, far from civilization and towns, referring to the remote and unexplored sites where this species inhabits, in the montane cloud forests at the Colonso Chalupas Biological Reserve and Llanganates National Park, northeastern flanks of the Andes in Ecuador.

Habitat and specimens of Pristimantis paganus sp. nov.
(A) Cloud forest with epiphytic plants, type locality, Colonso Chalupas Biological Reserve; (B) female, DHMECN 19962;
(C) paratype, male, DHMECN 15602; (D) paratype, adult female, DHMECN 17222.

Photographs: Jorge Brito (A), Keyko D. Loza-Carvajal (B), H. Mauricio Ortega-Andrade (C), Zane Libke (D).

Representative species of the subgenus Cryptomantis.
Subclade A-Pristimantis prolatus species group: (A) Pristimantis ganonotus DHMECN 16961, Colonso Chalupas Reserve, Napo; (B) P. burtoniorum DHMECN 14479, Paratype, Mayordomo Reserve, Tungurahua; (C) P. prolatus DHMECN 11564, Topotype, Río El Reventador, Sucumbíos;
(D) P. c.sp. 1, DHMECN 15674, Colonso Chalupas Reserve, Napo.
Subclade B-Pristimantis bicantus species group: (E) P. c.sp. 2, QCAZ 70020, Llanganates National Park, Napo; (F) P. marcoreyesi, DHMECN 13833, Tungurahua volcano, Tungurahua; (G) P. paganus sp. nov. DHMECN 15606, Colonso Chalupas Reserve, Napo;
(H) P. tungurahua, DHMECN 14428, Vizcaya Reserve, Tungurahua; (I) P. sacharuna, QCAZ 52496, Zúñag Reserve, Tungurahua; (J) P. c.sp. 3, QCAZ 51553, San Antonio de Juval, Cañar;
(K) P. nelsongalloi, DHMECN 5223, Zúñag Reserve, Tungurahua; (L) P. bicantus, DHMECN 12359, El Reventador, Sucumbíos; (M) P. c.sp. 5, QCAZ 52489, Sangay National Park, Morona Santiago.

Photo credit: Gustavo Pazmiño, Bioweb (E); Santiago Ron, Bioweb (I), Bioweb (J, M); Keyko D. Loza, Carvajal (A); Mario H. Yánez Muñoz (B, C, F, H, K, L); H. Mauricio Ortega-Andrade (D, G).

Conclusions: 

We described a new species, Pristimantis paganus, from the Colonso Chalupas Biological Reserve and Llanganates National Park, northeastern Ecuador. Furthermore, we define a new subgenus, Cryptomantis, within Pristimantis that includes the Pristimantis prolatus and Pristimantis bicantus species groups. Our results indicate at least five Candidate species within Cryptomantis. We emphasize the importance of including topotypic specimens to analyze and compare specios groups to delimiting species, like Pristimantis.

 

Keyko D. Loza-Carvajal, Mario H. Yánez-Muñoz, Walter Quilumbaquin and H. Mauricio Ortega-Andrade​. 2025. Vast Cryptic Diversity in Direct-developing Frogs Pristimantis (Anura: Strabomantidae): A New Subgenus and the Description of A New Species from the eastern Andes of Ecuador. PeerJ. 13:e20512. DOI: doi.org/10.7717/peerj.20512 [December 17, 2025]

 

[Herpetology • 2020] Pristimantis afrox, P. cisnerosi & P. chocoensis • Phylogenetic Relationships of the Subgenus Hypodictyon (Anura: Strabomantidae: Pristimantis) with the description of Three New Species from the Chocó Region

Pristimantis afrox

Pristimantis cisnerosi

Pristimantis chocoensis

Reyes-Puig, Yánez-Muñoz, Ortega & Ron, 2020

DOI: doi.org/10.22201/ib.20078706e.2020.91.3013

 Researchgate.net/publication/341495768

Abstract

We describe 3 new species of frogs Pristimantis, subgenus Hypodictyon from the Chocó of Colombia and Ecuador. Additionally, we present an updated phylogeny of the subgenus Hypodictyon on which we report, for the first time, the phylogenetic position of P. calcaratus, P. colomai, P. illotus, P. kuri, P. rosadoi, P. tenebrionis, and P. variabilis. We review the species content of Hypodictyon and its 2 species groups. Pristimantis afrox sp. nov. is characterized by  bearing  an  ×-shaped  scapular  fold;  an  interocular  fold  and  a  longitudinal  tubercle  in  the  interorbital  region,  toes  with  conspicuous  lateral  fringes  on  fingers  II-V;  distinctive  coloration  on  groin  and  hidden  surfaces  of  thighs  red.  Pristimantis chocoensis sp. nov. is characterized by having finger I equal or slightly shorter than II; venter and throat homogenously cream to slightly stained with brown, and black marks towards the insertion of the arm. Pristimantis cisnerosi  sp.  nov.  exhibits  strongly  convex  and  flared  nasal  bones;  protruding  nostrils  anteriorly;  dorsal  coloration  dark brown and venter scarlet; bearing conical tubercles on the upper eyelid and reduced tympanum.

Keywords: Bioregion; Terrarana; Phylogeny; Pristimantis afrox sp. nov.; Pristimantis chocoensis sp. nov.; Pristimantis cisnerosi sp. nov.

Pristimantis afrox sp.  nov. (DHMECN 6578)

 

Pristimantis cisnerosi sp. nov. (DHMECN 6683)

Pristimantis chocoensis sp. nov. (QCAZ 65560)

Carolina Reyes-Puig, Mario H. Yánez-Muñoz, Jhael A. Ortega and Santiago R. Ron. 2020. Relaciones filogenéticas del subgénero Hypodictyon (Anura: Strabomantidae: Pristimantis) con la descripción de tres especies nuevas de la región del Chocó [Phylogenetic relationships of the subgenus Hypodictyon (Anura: Strabomantidae: Pristimantis) with the description of three new species from the Chocó región]. Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad. 91: e913013. DOI: doi.org/10.22201/ib.20078706e.2020.91.3013

 Researchgate.net/publication/341495768_Relaciones_filogeneticas_del_subgenero_Hypodictyon_Pristimantis_con_la_descripcion_de_tres_especies_nuevas_de_la_region_del_Choco

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 twitter.com/santiak/status/1262929232445018114

Resumen: Describimos 3 nuevas especies de cutines Pristimantis del subgénero Hypodictyon de la bioregión del Chocó de Colombia y Ecuador. Además, presentamos una filogenia actualizada del subgénero Hypodictyon en la que reportamos por primera vez la posición filogenética de P. calcaratus, P. colomai, P. illotus, P. kuri, P. rosadoi, P. tenebrionis y P. variabilis. Se revisó el contenido de Hypodictyon y sus 2 grupos de especies. Pristimantis afrox sp. nov. se caracteriza por la presencia de un pliegue escapular en forma de ×; pliegue interocular y tubérculo longitudinal en la región interorbital; dedos del pie con pronunciados rebordes cutáneos basales en los dedos II-V; distintiva coloración inguinal y superficies ocultas de los muslos rojas. Pristimantis chocoensis sp. nov. posee dedo I de la mano igual o ligeramente más corto que el II; vientre y garganta homogéneamente crema a ligeramente manchados de café, pliegue interorbital, rebordes cutáneos laterales presentes, pliegue metatarsal interno y manchas negras hacia la inserción posterior del brazo. Pristimantis cisnerosi sp. nov. presenta distintivos huesos nasales fuertemente convexos y acampanados; narinas protuberantes proyectadas anteriormente; coloración dorsal café oscura y vientre café escarlata; tubérculos cónicos sobre el párpado y tímpano reducido.

Palabras clave: bioregión; terrarana; filogenia; Pristimantis afrox sp. nov.; Pristimantis chocoensis sp. nov.; Pristimantis cisnerosi sp. nov.

[Herpetology • 2024] One hundred years of solitude: The Rediscovery of Pristimantis ruidus (Anura: Strabomantidae) in the southern Andes, Ecuador and its phylogenetic relationships

Pristimantis ruidus  Lynch, 1979

in Sánchez-Nivicela, Székely, Salagaje, Astudillo-Abad, Culebras, Ortiz et Székely. 2024.

DOI: doi.org/10.3897/zse.100.119662

 

Abstract

We report the rediscovery, a century after its last record, of two specimens of Pristimantis ruidus from approximately 6 km northeast of its type locality, in a montane forest from the western Andes of southern Ecuador. This species, described by John D. Lynch in 1979, based on specimens collected in 1922 by George H. Tate, was previously known only from the type series, all specimens originating from a single locality (Molleturo, Provincia Azuay, Ecuador, 2317 m elev.). The rediscovery occurred in November 2022 in the Reserva de Conservación Quitahuaycu, Molleturo Parish, Azuay Province. The two specimens, both females, are characterised by rough skin with numerous rounded low warts and tubercles on their dorsum, a W-shaped occipital fold, tympanum and tympanic ring not externally visible and by the lack of cranial crests, characters that correspond with the description of the holotype. We evaluate the phylogenetic relationships, based on two mitochondrial genes (12S and 16S rRNA) and one nuclear gene (RAG-1). These analyses reveal Pristimantis ruidus as a member of the subgenus Huicundomantis, being most closely related to P. philipi, a species with a distribution restricted to the paramo of the same mountain region (Macizo del Cajas). Pristimantis ruidus co-exists with Pristimantis jimenezi, three additional species of Pristimantis and one Noblella with uncertain taxonomic status. This rediscovery underscores the urgency of implementing effective conservation and monitoring measures for the few remnants of the original ecosystems from western Ecuador, which face ongoing anthropogenic threats and harbour a diversity that remains insufficiently studied.

Key Words: Amphibia, biodiversity, conservation, Huicundomantis, molecular genetics, morphology, new record, phylogeny, systematics, taxonomy

Pristimantis ruidus in life.
Female DHMECN 19106: A. Dorso-lateral view; B. Dorsal view; C. Ventral view; SVL = 30.0 mm.
Female MUTPL 1613; D. Dorso-lateral view; E. Dorsal view; SVL = 20.1 mm.

Photographs: Jaime Culebras, Juan Sánchez.

 Juan C. Sánchez-Nivicela, Diana Székely, Luis A. Salagaje M., Nicolás Astudillo-Abad, Jaime Culebras, Ernesto Arbeláez Ortiz and Paul Székely. 2024. One hundred years of solitude: The Rediscovery of Pristimantis ruidus (Anura, Strabomantidae) in the southern Andes, Ecuador and its phylogenetic relationships. Zoosystematics and Evolution. 100(3): 1107-1120. DOI: doi.org/10.3897/zse.100.119662

[Herpetology • 2024] Pristimantis normaewingae • Phylogenetic Diversity of the Pristimantis anaiae species group, with A Description of A New Species of Pristimantis (Anura: Strabomantidae) from Cerro Candelaria, Tungurahua, Ecuador

Pristimantis normaewingae 

Reyes-Puig, Yánez-Muñoz, Libke, Vinueza & Carrión-Olmedo, 2024

 

Norma Ewing Rain Frog  ||  DOI: 10.3897/evolsyst.8.118855

Abstract

Continuous field work on mountains in the upper Pastaza watershed, showed an unexpected cryptic diversity in the recently described Pristimantis anaiae species group. Based on molecular and morphological characters we describe a new frog species from the central region of the eastern Ecuadorian Andes. We present an updated phylogeny for the Pristimantis anaiae species group, based on widely used, ubiquitous, and available genes, three mitochondrial genes (12S rRNA, 16S rRNA, ND1) and RAG1 nuclear gene. Our phylogenetic hypothesis increases genetic diversity of the species group and shows two well-supported subclades. We show the relationships of the new species and include for the first time Pristimantis maryanneae, belonging to a clade related to P. resistencia + P. glendae. Our phylogeny shows that new species, from Cerro Candelaria, is more closely related to P. kunam from Sangay National Park and differs from it by having a less conspicuous dorsolateral row of enlarged tubercles, and sacral oval marks surrounded by thin white pale lines. The new species and two additional undescribed species occur on the south side of the Rio Pastaza Valley, at Cerro Candelaria within the Llanganates – Sangay Ecological Corridor, reflecting the high importance of this area for conservation and understanding of evolution processes in the area, suggesting a probably adaptive radiation zone for the P. anaiae species group.

Key Words: Andes, amphibia, nanopore sequencing, upper Rio Pastaza watershed, Pristimantis normaewingae sp. nov.

Life coloration variation of the type series of Pristimantis normaewingae sp. nov.
 A1–A3. DHMECN 18863, adult female; B1–B3. DHMECN 18404, adult male; C1–C3. DHMECN 17191, juvenile; D1–D3. DHMECN 18996 male juvenile. Photographs JPRP and ZL.

Life comparison between members of Pristimantis anaiae species group.
 A. Pristimantis normaewingae sp. nov. (DHMECN 18400, male paratype); B. P. normaewingae sp. nov. (DHMECN 18409, female holotype);
C. P. kunam (QCAZ 56438, male holotype,); D. P. resistencia (QCAZ 66519, female holotype); E. P. anaiae (DHMECN 16859, male); F. P. maryanneae (DHMECN 18227, male); G. P. glendae (QCAZ 56437, adult male); H. P. venegasi, (MZUTI6571, female). Arrows show area of the oval marks in sacrum, proposed diagnostic of the group by Ortega et al. 2022.

Photographs JPRP, MYM, JCC, Jorge Brito, and Bioweb.

Pristimantis normaewingae sp. nov. in its habitat at Cerro Candelaria.
 A. DHMECN 18868, female; B. DHMECN 18401, male on Neurolepis aristata (Poaceae) at night; C. DHMECN 17188, juvenile on bromeliad at night.; D. DHMECN 18400, male on leave of shrub; E. habitat at the type locality of the new species in Cerro Candelaria. Photographs JPRP and ZL.

 Pristimantis normaewingae sp. nov.

 English Common name: Norma Ewing Rain Frog. 

Spanish Common name: Cutín de Norma Ewing.

Etymology: The specific epithet normaewingae is a noun in the genitive case and is a patronym in honor of Norma Ewing, a passionate conservationist and animal rescue volunteer from United States. Her belief that all species, and especially frogs, are interconnected, is rooted in her early childhood surrounded by nature living and working on a farm. She has always cared for animals of all shapes and sizes. As a volunteer with animal rescues, she was admired for her ability to nurture orphaned and injured animals.

 Juan Pablo Reyes-Puig, Mario H. Yánez-Muñoz, Zane Libke, Patricio Vinueza and Julio C. Carrión-Olmedo. 2024. Phylogenetic Diversity of the Pristimantis anaiae species group, with A Description of A New Species of Pristimantis (Anura, Strabomantidae) from Cerro Candelaria, Tungurahua, Ecuador. Evolutionary Systematics. 8(1): 101-118. DOI: 10.3897/evolsyst.8.118855

[Herpetology • 2024] Pristimantis asimus • Similar looking Sisters: A New sibling Species in the Pristimantis danae group (Anura: Strabomantidae) from the southwestern Amazon Basin

Pristimantis asimus 

Köhler, Glaw, Aguilar-Puntriano, Castroviejo-Fisher, Chaparro, De la Riva, Gagliardi-Urrutia, Gutiérrez, Vences & Padial, 2024

 

DOI: 10.3897/zse.100.119143

Abstract

We describe a new frog species that is the sibling of Pristimantis reichlei. These two sister species inhabit the Amazonian lowlands and adjacent foothills of the Andes, from central Bolivia to central Peru. Pristimantis reichlei occurs from central Bolivia to southern Peru (Alto Purús National Park), while the new species occurs from northern Bolivia (Departamento Pando) to Panguana in central Peru (Departamento Huánuco), at elevations between 220 and 470 m a.s.l. In spite of their morphological crypsis, these siblings occur in syntopy without evidence of interbreeding (in the Alto Purús area) and are recovered as reciprocally monophyletic. Their uncorrected pairwise genetic distances in the 16S rRNA gene range from 9.5–13.5%, and their advertisement calls differ in both qualitative and quantitative traits. Moreover, our study found uncorrected pairwise distances within the new species of up to 5.0% and up to 9.3% within P. reichlei. We therefore cannot rule out the possible existence of hybrids or additional species-level lineages hidden in this complex. Furthermore, we found another potential pair of sibling species composed of P. danae and an unnamed lineage, with divergences of 9.4% in the 16S gene, whose in-depth analysis and taxonomic treatment are pending future revision. With the new nominal species, the Pristimantis danae species group now includes 20 species, distributed across the upper Amazon basin and in the eastern Andes, from western Brazil to Bolivia and Peru. Our study, together with an increasing number of other studies, indicates that sibling species are far from being rare among Amazonian amphibians and that species resolution remains low even for groups that have received considerable attention in recent years.

Key Words: Amphibia, bioacoustics, integrative taxonomy, morphology, molecular genetics, systematics, Bolivia, Brazil, Peru

Male holotype of Pristimantis asimus sp. nov. (MUSM 41241, FGZC 5342) from Panguana, Departamento Huánuco, Peru, in life (SVL 30.6 mm):
a. Dorsolateral view; b. Dorsal view (showing posterior thighs coloration); c. Ventral view.

Paratypes of Pristimantis asimus sp. nov. in life (dorsolateral and ventral views):
a. ZSM 1985/2008 (FGZC 3388; SVL 30.6 mm); b. ZSM 1986/2008 (FGZC 3389; SVL 28.4 mm); c. MUSM 29074 (FGZC 3273; SVL 28.3 mm), all from the type locality Panguana, Huánuco, Peru; d. CM 158600, from Río Sepahua, Ucayali, Peru.

 Pristimantis asimus sp. nov.

Definition: A medium-sized species of the Pristimantis danae species group (based on molecular relationships and morphological similarity), with 27.7‒30.6 mm SVL in adult males (n = 7), and 37.9 mm SVL in adult females (n = 1), characterized by: (1) skin on dorsum finely shagreened, lacking enlarged tubercles or warts; throat smooth, venter areolate; discoidal fold inconspicuous; dorsolateral folds absent; upper eyelid lacking tubercles and granules; posterior surfaces of thighs smooth; (2) tympanic membrane and annulus distinct, slightly higher than long, their length less than half of eye diameter; supratympanic fold prominent, curved, slightly covering upper edge of tympanic annulus; (3) head slightly longer than wide; snout subacuminate in dorsal view, bluntly rounded in lateral profile; canthus rostralis straight in dorsal view, slightly ...

Etymology: The specific epithet is a Latinized adjective derived from the Greek άσημος (ásimos), meaning ‘inconspicuous, nameless’. It refers to the morphologically cryptic nature of the new species and the fact that it has been associated with different species names in the past, missing its status as a separate species to be named.

 Jörn Köhler, Frank Glaw, César Aguilar-Puntriano, Santiago Castroviejo-Fisher, Juan C. Chaparro, Ignacio De la Riva, Giussepe Gagliardi-Urrutia, Roberto Gutiérrez, Miguel Vences and José M. Padial. 2024. Similar looking Sisters: A New sibling Species in the Pristimantis danae group from the southwestern Amazon Basin (Anura, Strabomantidae). Zoosystematics and Evolution. 100(2): 565-582. DOI: 10.3897/zse.100.119143

[Herpetology • 2023] Pristimantis paulogabrieli • A New Species of Pristimantis (Anura: Strabomantidae) from the State of Acre, Brazil

Pristimantis paulogabrieli

Melo-Sampaio, 2023

DOI: 10.25225/jvb.23044

 

Abstract

Pristimantis is the amphibian genus with the largest number of described species yet harbouring many species still to be named, notably in Amazonia. Here, I describe a member of the P. diadematus species complex from southwestern Amazonia in Brazil based on external morphology. The species is most similar to P. divnae, a species from southern Peru, but diagnosable from it by the combination of the following characters: presence of nuptial pads and tympanum, smaller body size (SVL 19.5-23.5 mm in males, 27.8-30.6 mm in females), and absence of yellow marks in both the inguinal region and shanks. The new species occupies the same habitats as the syntopic P. altamazonicus, another member of the P. diadematus species complex. Based on an extensive literature review, a new composition of the P. diadematus species complex is proposed and discussed.

Pristimantis paulogabrieli sp. nov. in life.
Daytime photos (A-D) male paratype UFAC-RB 9668 (field series UFAC-RB 4423) (A), female holotype UFAC-RB 9669 (field series UFAC-RB 4424) (B-D).
Night colouration: female paratype UFAC-RB 5737 (E) and unvouchered (F).
Red arrows indicate tympanum and yellow arrow indicates discoidal fold.

Pristimantis paulogabrieli sp. nov. 

Diagnosis: The new species, P. paulogabrieli, is diagnosed by the following combination of characters: 1) skin on dorsum shagreen with scattered minute tubercles; dorsolateral fold absent; skin on venter areolate; discoidal fold present; 2) tympanic annulus visible, tympanic membrane present; 3) snout subacuminate in dorsal view, rounded in lateral view; 4) upper eyelid with minute tubercles, upper eyelid smaller than IOD, cranial crests absent; 5) dentigerous processes of vomers oblique low; 6) males with nuptial pads, but lacking vocal sac and vocal slits; 7) postrictal tubercles present; 8) finger I shorter than finger II, discs on fingers III and IV broad, rounded; 9) fingers with narrow lateral fringes; 10) ulnar tubercles present; 11) outer surfaces of tarsus without tubercles; 12) heel without minute tubercle; 13) short, inner tarsal fold present; 14) inner metatarsal tubercle ovoid, four and half times the size of ovoid outer metatarsal tubercle; 15) few supernumerary plantar tubercles present; 16) toes with narrow lateral fringes; 17) basal toe webbing present between toes III and IV; 18) toe V much longer than toe III, toe discs broad, rounded, slightly smaller than discs on fingers; 19) in ethanol, dorsum brown with dark brown W-shaped mark on scapula and a dark brown chevron; 20) chest and belly cream with dark brown blotches, throat cream with few dark brown blotches and many minute dark brown spots; 21) SVL in adult males 19.5-23.5 mm (n = 8), females 27.8-30.6 mm (n = 2).

Etymology: The specific epithet is a patronymic name for my beloved son, Paulo Gabriel Silva Melo Sampaio.

Paulo R. Melo-Sampaio. 2023. A New Species of Pristimantis (Anura, Strabomantidae) from the State of Acre, Brazil. J. of Vertebrate Biology. 72(23044): 1-19.DOI: 10.25225/jvb.23044

[Herpetology • 2023] Pristimantis koki, P. kopinangae & P. kalamandeenae • Exceptional Diversity of Pristimantis Landfrogs (Anura: Terraranae) on the Wokomung Massif, Guyana, with Descriptions of Three New Species

 a) Pristimantis koki, b) P. kopinangae,
c) P. kalamandeenae, d) P. dendrobatoides,
g) P. marmoratus, h) P. pulvinatus 

  

Means, Heinicke, Blair Hedges, Macculloch & Lathrop, 2023

DOI: 10.25225/jvb.23026 

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 Abstract

We describe three new species of landfrogs, genus Pristimantis, from near the summit of Mt. Kopinang, one of the several high points of the Wokomung Massif, a large horseshoe-shaped tepui (= mesa) in west-central Guyana. Pristimantis koki n. sp. is known from 1,067 to 1,525 m elevation. It is characterized by small-sized adults averaging 12.4 mm SVL (snout-vent length) in males and 18.4 mm in females; a pointed, depressed, elongated snout; lack of an obvious tympanum, vocal slit, or sac; and diagnostically black pigment prominently arranged around the anus fringed by light pigment. When handled, P. koki seems to emit volatile organic compounds and leaves a slightly numbing taste at the base of the human tongue. Pristimantis kopinangae n. sp. is known from three specimens collected at approx. 1,385 m elevation on the Wokomung Massif and two specimens from slightly higher in elevation on Mt. Ayanganna. About the size of most Pristimantis inhabiting the Guyana uplands and highlands (20-30 mm SVL), it is characterized by 2-3 light yellow inguinal flash-mark blotches, short broadly round snout, large eye with a blue iris, white skin of chin and areolate belly with dark brown vermiculations; and absence of a tympanum. Pristimantis kalamandeenae n. sp. is known from three specimens collected on the Wokomung Massif including an amplexing pair at approx. 1,550 m elevation. Similar in size to P. kopinangae, it is characterized by an acuminate snout, black iris, obvious tympanum, and uniform tan pigmentation dorsally after dark that becomes uniformly dark brown in daytime. Phylogenetic results show that P. koki and P. kopinangae are sister species and are members of a larger assemblage of related species endemic to the Pantepui Region within the P. unistrigatus species group. Pristimantis kalamandeenae is not closely related to these species, instead forming a clade with the P. lacrimosus species group. The three new species occur in sympatry with at least five other Pristimantis species on the Wokomung Massif, the greatest known Pristimantis species richness on a single tepui of the Guiana Shield.  

KEYWORDS: Brachycephaloidea, Craugastoridae, Pantepui, South America, Strabomantidae, systematics, tepui, volatile skin secretions

Exceptional diversity of Pristimantis (family Strabomantidae) on a single tepui;
 a) Pristimantis koki, b) Pristimantis kopinangae, c) Pristimantis kalamandeenae,
d) Pristimantis dendrobatoides, e) Pristimantis jester, f) Pristimantis saltissimus, g) Pristimantis marmoratus, h) Pristimantis pulvinatus, i) Ceuthomantis smaragdinus (family Ceuthomantidae) sympatric with all the above and similar in size and general appearance.

D. Bruce Means, Matthew P. Heinicke, S. Blair Hedges, Ross D. Macculloch and Amy Lathrop. 2023. Exceptional Diversity of Pristimantis Landfrogs (Anura: Terraranae) on the Wokomung Massif, Guyana, with Descriptions of Three New Species. Journal of Vertebrate Biology. 72(23026), 23026.1-26. DOI: 10.25225/jvb.23026  

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