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| Pristimantis campinarana Mônico, Ferrão, Moravec, Fouquet & Lima, 2023 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15399 |
Abstract
The white-sand ecosystems in the Solimões-Negro Interfluve are among the less studied in Amazonia. Recent herpetological surveys conducted west of Manaus, Brazil (central Amazonia) indicate that white-sand forests host a unique anuran fauna comprising habitat specialized and endemic species. In the present study we describe a new species of rain frog belonging to the Pristimantis unistrigatus species group from the white-sand forest locally called “campinarana” (thin-trunked forests with canopy height below 20 m). The new species is phylogenetically close to rain frogs from western Amazonian lowlands (P. delius, P. librarius, P. matidiktyo and P. ockendeni). It differs from its closest relatives mainly by its size (male SVL of 17.3–20.1 mm, n = 16; female SVL of 23.2–26.5 mm, n = 6), presence of tympanum, tarsal tubercles and dentigerous processes of vomers, its translucent groin without bright colored blotches or marks, and by its advertisement call (composed of 5–10 notes, call duration of 550–1,061 ms, dominant frequency of 3,295–3,919 Hz). Like other anuran species recently discovered in the white-sand forests west of Manaus, the new species seems to be restricted to this peculiar ecosystem.
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| Coloration in life of the holotype (INPA-H 44426, SVL 19.1 mm) of Pristimantis campinarana sp. nov. (A) Dorsolateral and (B) ventral views of body. Photographs: A.T. Mônico. |
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| Nocturnal coloration of the groin and ventral surface of Pristimantis campinarana sp. nov. in life. (A) Lateral and (B) ventral view of the female (INPA-H 44699, SVL 24.4 mm) at Reserva do Desenvolvimento Sustentável do Rio Negro, municipality of Iranduba, state of Amazonas, Brazil. Photographs: A.T. Mônico. |
Pristimantis campinarana sp. nov.
Pristimantis ockendeni: Lima et al. (2021).
Diagnosis: This new species is characterized by the following combination of characters: (1) dorsal skin shagreen; (2) tympanum visible, tympanic membrane poorly differentiated, tympanum diameter 29–40% of eye diameter and annulus partially visible externally; dark supratympanic band; (3) snout moderately long (SL 37–43% of HL), subacuminate in dorsal view and truncated in lateral view, loreal region concave, lips not flared; (4) upper eyelid tubercles present; with or without dark bar between the eyes, and one or two oblique black streaks below the eye; postrictal tubercles absent; cranial crests absent; three scapular tubercles, less visible in specimens having dark dorsal coloration; (5) nostril ovoid, slightly protuberant, directed laterally; internarial distance 73–87% of interorbital distance; (6) tongue ovoid, longer than wide; (7) dentigerous processes of vomers present, small, oblique and positioned posterior to level of choanae, one or two on each side, ill-defined; (8) males with vocal slits; vocal sac small, subgular; nuptial pads absent; (9) Finger II longer than I; finger discs small, rounded (Finger I and II) to expanded (Finger III and IV); (10) fingers without lateral fringes; (11) ulnar tubercles aligned, barely visible in fixed specimens; (12) tibia length 46–54% of SVL; (13) heel tubercle absent; tarsal tubercles aligned, small and barely visible; tarsal fold absent; (14) thenar tubercle ovoid; palmar tubercle bifid, twice the width of the thenar tubercle; (15) inner metatarsal tubercle ovoid; outer metatarsal tubercle small, longer than wide, less than 1/3 of the thenar tubercle; (16) toes III–V with lateral fringes, webbing basal between toes IV–V; Toe I smaller than Toe II, not reaching the edge of disc on Toe II; Toe V longer than Toe III; (17) belly skin weakly areolate, and ventral region of the femur areolate; (18) in life, groin translucent, without brightly colored blotches or marks; posterior surfaces of thighs uniformly brown; (19) in life, iris dichromatic, pale bronze upper and lower parts with dark brown vermiculation and broad median mahogany-red stripe through pupil; (20) SVL in adult males of 17.3–20.1 mm (n = 16) and in females of 23.2–26.5 mm (n = 6); and (21) advertisement call with 5–10 notes and average call duration of 694 ± 115 ms, inter-note interval of 82.7 ± 11 ms, minimum frequency of 2,260–3,176 Hz, maximum frequency of 3,756–5,280 Hz and dominant frequency of 3,295–3,919 Hz.
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| Paratypes of Pristimantis campinarana sp. nov. in life. Males: (A) INPA-H 44427 (SVL 19.5 mm), (B) INPA-H 44429 (SVL 18.4 mm), (C) INPA-H 44435 (SVL 18.9 mm), (D) INPA-H 44433 (SVL 18.7 mm), (E) INPA-H 44432 (SVL 18.6 mm), (F) INPA-H 44431 (SVL 19.8 mm), (G) INPA-H 44428 (SVL 17.3 mm), (H) MPEG 44641 (SVL 19.1 mm) and (I) MPEG 44637 (SVL 19.2 mm). Females: (J) INPA-H 44425 (SVL 24.4 mm), (K) INPA-H 44437 (SVL 23.5 mm) and (L) MPEG 44638 (SVL 24.7 mm). |
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| Natural history and breeding aspects of Pristimantis campinarana sp. nov. (A) An example of “campinarana” environment inhabited by the new species at Ramal Nova Esperança. (B) Habitat of P. campinarana sp. nov. with terrestrial bromeliads at RDS Rio Negro, municipality of Iranduba, Amazonas, Brazil. (C) An unvouchered active calling male perched horizontally on a leave. (D) An amplectant couple (female MPEG 44640, SVL 26.52 mm; male MPEG 44641, SVL 19.15 mm) at Ramal Nova Esperança. Photographs: A.T. Mônico (A, D), J. Moravec (B) and E.D. Koch (C). |
Etymology: The specific epithet ‘campinarana’ is used as a noun in apposition and refers to the word in Portuguese that defines the type of forest that the new species occupies: the white-sand forest campinarana.
Alexander Tamanini Mônico, Miquéias Ferrão, Jiří Moravec, Antoine Fouquet and Albertina P. Lima. 2023. A New Species of Pristimantis (Anura: Strabomantidae) from white-sand forests of central Amazonia, Brazil. PeerJ. 11:e15399. DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15399
