[Botany • 2026] Curcuma fibrifera (Zingiberaceae) • A New Species from Vietnam

Curcuma fibrifera Boonma, D.D.Nguyen, P.Saensouk & Saensouk, 

in P. Saensouk, S. Saensouk, Tuan, Sy, Taesuk, Nguyen, Phimpha et Boonma, 2026.  

Taiwania. 71(1);  

Nghệ Sợi Trắng  ||  taiwania.ntu.edu.tw/abstract/2149 

Abstract

Knowledge of the diversity of Curcuma species in mainland Southeast Asia remains incomplete, and Vietnam is no exception. To address this gap, we conducted extensive field surveys throughout the country to document native taxa and clarify previously uncertain records. As a result of these efforts, we described and illustrated a new species, Curcuma fibrifera Boonma, D.D.Nguyen, Saensouk & P.Saensouk. In addition, we confirm the presence of three further species, C. comosa Roxb., C. petiolata Roxb., and C. phrayawan Boonma & Saensouk, in Vietnam for the first time, and we correct the prior misidentifications. To complement the taxonomic findings, we applied species distribution modeling to evaluate both current and future suitable habitats for these taxa under low- and high-emission climate scenarios. The inclusion of these species raises the total number of Curcuma subgenus Curcuma in Vietnam to 16, though actual diversity may still be underestimated. Full taxonomic accounts are provided for the new species and newly verified records, covering morphological descriptions, distribution, habitat preferences, phenology, taxonomic affinities, traditional uses, and conservation status. This study contributes a more comprehensive account of Curcuma diversity in Vietnam, supports conservation planning, and identifies priorities for further taxonomic and ecological investigations.

Keyword: Conservation, Curcuma comosa, Curcuma fibrifera, Curcuma petiolate, Curcuma phrayawan, Indochina, Zingibereae

Curcuma fibrifera Boonma, D.D.Nguyen, P.Saensouk & Saensouk.
 A. Front view of flower. B. Side view of anther with floral tube. C. Front view of anther with dissected floral tube to show the epigynous glands. D. Dorsal corolla lobe E. Lateral corolla lobes. F. Lateral staminodes. G. Labellum. H. Dissected calyx. I. Side view of flower. J. Fertile bract. K. Habit. L. Cincinnus with flower and young buds. Photos by Thawatphong Boonma.

Curcuma fibrifera Boonma, D.D.Nguyen, P.Saensouk & Saensouk.
A. Dissection of branches rhizome, and fibrous threads visible when broken apart of branches rhizome. B. Habits. C. Semi-top view of inflorescences. D. Side view of inflorescence with flowers. E. Dorsal corolla lobe. F. Lateral corolla lobes. G. Cincinnus with flower and young buds. H. Side view of flower. I. Lateral staminodes. J. Labellum. K. Side view of anther with floral tube. L. Front view of anther with dissected floral tube to show the epigynous glands. M. Front view of flower.

Photos by Thawatphong Boonma.

Curcuma fibrifera Boonma, D.D.Nguyen, P.Saensouk & Saensouk, sp. nov. 

Diagnosis: Curcuma fibrifera is similar to C. wanenlueanga Saensouk, Thomudtha & Boonma (Saensouk et al., 2021c, 2025b) in having terminal inflorescences, coma bracts, epigynous glands, spurred anthers, and flowers of the gullet type, but differs in having rhizomes ovoid to subglobose, 3–4 × 3–4 cm, ivory to cream (vs. ovoid, 5–9 × 3–5 cm, yellow); branches rhizome internal ivory with cream core, fibrous threads visible when broken (vs. yellow with darker yellow core, no fibrous threads when broken); leafy shoot 60–85 cm tall (vs. 100–150 cm); leaf sheaths 15–32 cm long (vs. 10–60 cm); petiole 5–13 cm long, green (vs. 15– 35 cm long, green with reddish tinge); lamina lanceolate to elliptic, 28–45 × 8–14 cm, base cuneate to rounded, midrib green (vs. narrowly lanceolate, 50–70 × 15–18 cm, base attenuate, midrib reddish-purple, fading with age); peduncle 20–24 cm long (vs. 30–40 cm); lateral staminodes asymmetrical ovate, apex obtuse to acute, 1.4–1.6 × 1.0 cm (vs. irregularly obovate, apex rounded, 1.3–1.4 × 0.7–0.8 cm); filament 3.2–3.5 mm long (vs. ca. 4 mm); anther spurs narrowly conical, ca. 1.5 mm, curved inward (vs. ca. 4 mm, pointing downward); and ovary oblate, 3–4 × 2 mm (vs. subglobose, ca. 3 × 3 mm).

Etymology: The specific epithet “fibrifera” is derived from the Latin words fibra meaning “fiber” and fero, ferre meaning “to bear, to produce, to carry.” Thus, fibrifera means “bearing fibers” or “producing fibers,” in reference to the characteristic fibrous threads that appear when the branches rhizome is broken, resembling the breaking of the petioles of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.

Piyaporn Saensouk, Surapon Saensouk, Nguyen Hoang Tuan, Vo Van Sy, Nonthiwat Taesuk, Danh Duc Nguyen, Suriya Phimpha and Thawatphong Boonma. 2026. A New Species and three new records of Curcuma subgenus Curcuma (Zingiberaceae) for Vietnam with notes on their traditional utilization and conservation status.  Taiwania. 71(1); 83-100 DOI: 10.6165/tai.2026.71.83 [2026 January 12]

https://taiwania.ntu.edu.tw/abstract/2149 

[Botany • 2025] Boesenbergia burmanica (Zingiberaceae) • A New Species from Myanmar

 

  Boesenbergia burmanica Boonma, P.Saensouk & Saensouk:

 

in P. Saensouk, S. Saensouk, Boonma, Htway, Oo, Naing et Junsongduang, 2025. 

DOI: doi.org/10.3390/taxonomy5040070 

Abstract

Boesenbergia burmanica Boonma, P.Saensouk & Saensouk, a new species from Naypyidaw Union Territory, Myanmar, is described based on morphological examination of specimens collected during field surveys in 2024–2025. The genus Boesenbergia is taxonomically complex, and ongoing botanical exploration in Southeast Asia continues to reveal undescribed taxa. Comparative analyses of living plants, herbarium materials, and published descriptions were conducted to determine diagnostic features. Boesenbergia burmanica is closely related to B. meghalayensis Aishwarya & M.Sabu but differs in having ovoid, branched rhizomes, a pubescent lamina on both surfaces, and an oblanceolate labellum with bright red markings. It grows in shady, sandy-loam habitats at 140–145 m elevation and flowers from August to September, producing inflorescences with nine to ten flowers. Species of Boesenbergia are traditionally used in Myanmar and neighboring regions as medicinal and ornamental plants, and notes on local ethnobotanical knowledge are provided. The new species exhibits high ornamental potential due to its compact clumping habit and attractive floral coloration. Cultivation guidelines are provided to support ex situ conservation and horticultural development for sustainable use. This discovery increases the number of Boesenbergia species recorded in Myanmar to 14 and highlights the importance of continued field-based taxonomic and conservation research on regional Zingiberaceae diversity.

Keywords: Boesenbergia; conservation; ethnobotany; Myanmar flora; new species; plant diversity; taxonomy; Zingibereae 

  Boesenbergia burmanica Boonma, P.Saensouk & Saensouk:
(a) Top view of habits. (b) Front view of flower. (c) Abaxial of leaf. (d) Rhizome dissected to show the internal coloration. (g) Side view of pseudostems.
(e) Parts of flower of B. burmanica from left to right: side view of anther, epigynous glands with ovary, calyx, dorsal corolla lobe, lateral corolla lobes, staminodes and labellum.
(f) Parts of flower of B. meghalayensis from left to right: side view of anther, epigynous glands with ovary, calyx, dorsal corolla lobe, lateral corolla lobes, staminodes, and labellum. 

  Boesenbergia burmanica Boonma, P.Saensouk & Saensouk sp. nov.:
 (a) Front view of anther. (b) Back view of anther. (c) Side view of flower. (d) Side view of anther with floral tube, calyx, and ovary. (e) Bract. (f) Calyx. (g) Habit. (h) Dorsal corolla lobe. (i) Lateral corolla lobes. (j) Staminodes. (k) Epigynous glands and ovary. (l) Labellum.

Illustration drawn by Thawatphong Boonma.

Boesenbergia burmanica Boonma, P.Saensouk & Saensouk sp. nov.

Diagnosis. Boesenbergia burmanica is similar to B. meghalayensis Aishwarya & M.Sabu, but differs in having ovoid, branched rhizomes (vs. running); ovoid tuberous roots (vs. cylindrical); ligule 3–5 mm long (vs. 1–2 mm); lamina narrowly elliptic, pubescent on both surfaces (vs. elliptic, glabrous); bracts pale green, puberulent (vs. white, glabrous); bracteole puberulent (vs. glabrous); rachis elongate with 9–10 flowers (vs. 4–5 flowers); labellum oblanceolate, not saccate, apex incised, white with bright red towards the apex and reddish spots on the mid-lobe (vs. ovate, saccate, apex acute, white with maroon towards the tip, maroon spots in the throat, and pale yellow along the mid-lobe); and larger anther (7.5–7.7 × 3.4–3.6 mm) with smaller crest not touching the anther backside (vs. 5–6 × 2 mm, crest 2.5 × 2 mm, tip touching backside) (Table 1, Figure 2 and Figure 3).

Etymology: The specific epithet “burmanica” refers to Myanmar (formerly Burma), the country where the species was discovered.

Piyaporn Saensouk, Surapon Saensouk, Thawatphong Boonma, Nyi Nyi Htway, Win Paing Oo, Min Khant Naing and Auemporn Junsongduang. 2025. A New Species of Boesenbergia Kuntze (Zingiberaceae) from Myanmar, with Notes on Diversity, Utilization, Conservation, and Horticultural Potential. Taxonomy. 5(4), 70; DOI: doi.org/10.3390/taxonomy5040070 [17 December 2025]

Researchgate.net/publication/398772402_A_New_Species_of_Boesenbergia_from_Myanmar

[Botany • 2025] Typhonium cucullatum • A New Species from Sakon Nakhon Province, Northeastern Thailand [Studies on Typhonium (Araceae) of Thailand III]

 

Typhonium cucullatum K.Z.Hein, P.Saensouk & Saensouk, 

in P. Saensouk, S. Saensouk, Hein, Boonma, Rakarcha et Naive. 2025. 

 taiwania.ntu.edu.tw/abstract/2087 

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Abstract

Typhonium cucullatum, a new species from Sakon Nakhon Province, Northeastern Thailand, is described and illustrated. A detailed description, color plates, a discussion of similar taxa, phenology, distribution, and a conservation status assessment are provided.

Keyword: Areae, Aroideae, Cretaceous sandstone, Indochina, spathe movement, Typhonium laoticum

Typhonium cucullatum sp. nov.
A. Excavated flowering individual showing adaxial surface of leaf blades, B. Side view of inflorescence at post-pistillate anthesis, C. Detail of spadix showing pistillate zone, sterile interstice, and staminate zone (nearside of spathe artificially removed), D. Spadix at post-pistillate anthesis (nearside of spathe artificially removed), E. Excavated flowering individual showing abaxial surface of leaf blades.  
Spathe movement of Typhonium cucullatum sp. nov. during anthesis. A. & B. Inflorescence at early pistillate anthesis, spathe limb erect, gaping and expanding to reveal the staminate zone, C. & D. Inflorescence at middle pistillate anthesis, spathe limb reflexing and curling strongly backward, E. & F. Inflorescence at post-pistillate anthesis, spathe limb gradually curving forward, with the lower part of the spathe limb margins strongly convolute, closing over the staminate zone, G. & H. Inflorescence at staminate anthesis, forward curvature of the spathe limb most prominent. (A., C., E., G. Front view of inflorescence, B., D., F., H. Side view of inflorescence)

 Photos by: Khant Zaw Hein.

 

Typhonium cucullatum K.Z.Hein, P.Saensouk & Saensouk, sp. nov. 

Diagnosis: Typhonium cucullatum is unique within the genus in having a spathe limb that curves strongly forward, forming a hood-like shape at the end of pistillate anthesis and remaining intact through post-staminate anthesis despite signs of withering. In overall morphology, T. cucullatum is most similar to T. laoticum (Gagnepain, 1942), but can be readily distinguished by its spathe limb curving strongly forward (vs. the spathe limb reflexed backward in T. laoticum), a shorter staminate zone with 4–6 whorls of stamens (vs. 12–15 whorls of stamens in T. laoticum), and a stipitate appendix (vs. a sessile appendix in T. laoticum).

Etymology: The specific epithet is derived from the Latin cucullatus, meaning ‘hooded’, referring to the spathe limb becoming forwardly curved and hood-like.

Piyaporn Saensouk, Surapon Saensouk, Khant Zaw Hein, Thawatphong Boonma, Sarayut Rakarcha and Mark Arcebal K. Naive. 2025. Studies on Typhonium Schott (Araceae) of Thailand III: Typhonium cucullatum, A New Species from Sakon Nakhon Province, Northeastern Thailand. Taiwania. 70(3); 398-402.  DOI: 10.6165/tai.2025.70.398 [2025 June 18]   taiwania.ntu.edu.tw/abstract/2087

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[Botany • 2025] Cornukaempferia puangpeniae & C. aurantiiflora var. vespera (Zingiberaceae) • New Taxa from northern Thailand

  

Cornukaempferia puangpeniae P. Saensouk, Saensouk, Boonma & Techa, 

in P. Saensouk, S. Saensouk, Boonma, Techa, Rakarcha, Ragsasilp et Nguyen, 2025. 

เปราะทองอาจารย์พวงเพ็ญ  ||  DOI: doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e41603  

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Abstract

Thailand hosts a diverse array of plants in the Zingiberaceae family, with over 150 endemic species, highlighting its significance in global biodiversity. The genus Cornukaempferia stands out for its ornamental and medicinal value. During a research expedition in Northern Thailand, a previously unknown Cornukaempferia species was discovered in Sukhothai province, expanding the known distribution range. It was confirmed through comprehensive taxonomic analysis as a new species, Cornukaempferia puangpeniae. Additionally, a new variety, C. aurantiiflora var. vespera, was identified in Uttaradit Province. The genus now encompasses eight species and two varieties with the addition of these taxa, exhibiting a notable prevalence in Thailand and highlighting its significant endemism. Particularly, C. larsenii is noteworthy for being native to Thailand and Laos. Detailed morphological descriptions, including diagnoses with related taxa, were provided. The species' ecological characteristics, pollen morphology, traditional uses, and conservation status were documented. A revised key to species and varieties in the genus Cornukaempferia, including a UPGMA cluster analysis dendrogram elucidating morphological relationships within the genus, was presented. These discoveries contribute to the botanical knowledge of the region, underscoring the importance of continued exploration and conservation efforts in preserving its rich flora.

 

Keywords: Cornukaempferia, new species, Sukhothai, Taxonomy, Uttaradit, Zingiberaceae

Cornukaempferia puangpeniae P. Saensouk, Saensouk, Boonma & Techa sp. nov.;
 (A) young leaf is rolled and erect before unfurling; (B) flower; (C) habit; (D) habitat

 (Photographs: A–B by T. Boonma, C by S. Saensouk, D by C. Techa).

 Cornukaempferia puangpeniae P.Saensouk, Saensouk, Boonma & Techa sp. nov

Diagnosis: Similar to C. kamolwaniae Picheans., Yupparach & Wongsuwan, but differs, particularly in dormancy characteristics, in having a tuberous root with two layers: a light brown core and an outer yellow layer (vs. C. kamolwaniae, which have a brownish inner core, followed by an orange-brownish middle layer, and finally an outer layer in yellow-oak); leaf sheath 5–7 cm long (vs. 3.5–4 cm long); lamina adaxially dark green with a dark reddish-purple tinge (vs. dark green without a dark reddish-purple tinge); bracts pubescent (vs. glabrous with a pubescent apex); floral tube sparsely hairy (vs. glabrous); staminodes apex acute (vs. apex rounded); labellum apex acute without incision (vs. apex rounded with an incision 2–3 mm long); filament 4.5–5 mm long, sparsely hairy (vs. 7–9 mm long, glabrous); anther 2.5–2.8 cm long (vs. 1.5–1.8 cm long); epigynous glands measure approximately 4 mm in length (vs. 1–2 mm in length).

Etymology: The specific epithet “puangpeniae” is a tribute to Prof. Dr. Puangpen Sirirugsa, a renowned botanist with expertise in Zingiberaceae. She holds the distinction of being the first Thai researcher to conduct extensive studies on the Zingiberaceae family in Thailand.

Cornukaempferia aurantiiflora var. vespera P. Saensouk, Saensouk & Boonma var. nov.;
(A) habit in natural habitat; (B) top view of flower; (C) top view of habit

(Photographs: A by T. Boonma, B–C by S. Saensouk).

 Cornukaempferia aurantiiflora var. vespera P.Saensouk, Saensouk & Boonma var. nov

Etymology: “vespera” is derived from the Latin word “vesperum”, meaning “evening”, which refers to its flower blooming in the evening.

Piyaporn Saensouk, Surapon Saensouk, Thawatphong Boonma, Chainarong Techa, Sarayut Rakarcha, Areerat Ragsasilp and Danh Duc Nguyen. 2025. Cornukaempferia puangpeniae sp. nov. and C. aurantiiflora var. vespera var. nov. (Zingiberaceae) from Northern Thailand.  Heliyon. 11(2), e41603. DOI: doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e41603  

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[Botany • 2024] Curcuma sumonii & C. wanchaii (Curcuma subg. Curcuma, Zingiberaceae: Zingibereae) • A New Taxa from Thailand

 

Curcuma sumonii Saensouk, P.Saensouk, Boonma & Techa 

C. wanchaii Saensouk, P.Saensouk, Maknoi & Boonma, 

in P. Saensouk, S. Saensouk, Boonma, Ragsasilp, Maknoi, Techa, Srisuk et Souladeth, 2024. 

DOI: doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-79261-x 

(Photographs by T. Boonma).

Abstract 

This research presents the discovery of two novel taxa, Curcuma sumonii Saensouk, P.Saensouk, Boonma & Techa, and C. wanchaii Saensouk, P.Saensouk, Maknoi & Boonma, belonging to the Curcuma subgenus Curcuma. Curcuma sumonii was collected in Sukhothai Province, Northern Thailand, while C. wanchaii was found in Kanchanaburi Province, Southwestern Thailand. Our study provides a comprehensive documentation of their morphological attributes, including detailed descriptions supported by visual aids. In addition to morphological data, we offer insights into vernacular names, ecological characteristics, phenology, traditional uses, conservation status, and distribution maps. Morphological comparison Tables 1 and 2 are provided to differentiate between these newly discovered taxa and their allied species. Furthermore, we present an identification key to facilitate the differentiation of these taxa from their allied species. The findings of this study contribute to the understanding of biodiversity within the Curcuma genus and offer valuable information for further conservation efforts and taxonomic research.

Keywords: Curcuma, Critically endangered, Kanchanaburi, Sukhothai, Taxonomy, Zingiberales 

Curcuma sumonii Saensouk, P.Saensouk, Boonma & Techa sp. nov.
 (A) habit in natural habitat, and (B) side view of inflorescence with flowers.

(Photographed by Surapon Saensouk).

 Curcuma sumonii Saensouk, P.Saensouk, Boonma & Techa, sp. nov. 

Curcuma wanchaii Saensouk, P.Saensouk, Maknoi & Boonma sp. nov.
(A) inflorescences, (B) flower, (C) side and front view of anther, (D) habits in the natural habitat, growing along with Globba substrigosa King ex Baker.

(Photographs by Thawatphong Boonma).

C. wanchaii Saensouk, P.Saensouk, Maknoi & Boonma, sp. nov. 

  

Piyaporn Saensouk, Surapon Saensouk, Thawatphong Boonma, Areerat Ragsasilp, Charan Maknoi, Chainarong Techa, Pathomthat Srisuk and Phetlasy Souladeth. 2024.  Curcuma sumonii sp. nov., and C. wanchaii sp. nov. (Zingiberaceae), Two New Taxa of Curcuma subgen. Curcuma from Thailand. Scientific Reports. 14: 27541. DOI: doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-79261-x 

 

[Botany • 2022] Kaempferia sipraiana (Zingiberaceae) • A New Species from Thailand and a new record of Kaempferia pseudoparviflora for Myanmar

 

Kaempferia sipraiana Boonma & Saensouk,  

in Boonma, S. Saensouk et P. Saensouk, 2022.

  smujo.id/biodiv/article/view/10728 

  Researchgate.net/publication/360728699

Abstract

Kaempferia sipraiana Boonma & Saensouk, a new species of Kaempferia subgenus Protanthium (Zingiberaceae) from northern Thailand and K. pseudoparviflora Saensouk P. & Saensouk, a new record species of Kaempferia subgenus Kaempferia for Myanmar are described, illustrated, and photographed. The dominant characters of Kaempferia sipraiana were leaves narrowly elliptic, green with short white stripes arranged parallel along the leaf edges, between the midrib and both sides of the edges, apex acuminate with slightly mucronate, base attenuate-oblique; peduncle glabrous; bracts apex mucronate, glabrous, red with dark red veins; bracteoles glabrous; floral tube shorter than calyx; calyx glabrous; staminodes oblanceolate, apex 3-lobes like curly brackets; labellum white at the base with pinkish purple in the middle gradually fade to pale pink and to reach to white tip and edge respectively, apex 3-lobes like curly brackets, each lobe 3.0–3.3 cm long; apex 4 lobes, outer lobes acute, inner lobes obtuse rarely combined to truncate; stigma with pink lips. The dominant characters of K. pseudoparviflora were one leaf and dark green with light grey markings, the inflorescence looks like inflorescence of K. parviflora. The information on vernacular name, distribution, phenology, ecology, conservation status, specimens examined, and an identification key to both species of Kaempferia in Thailand is revised and presented.

 Kaempferia sipraiana Boonma & Saensouk sp. nov.
 (A) inflorescence with flowers-side view, (B) flowers-oblique top view, (C) flower-top view, (D) plant in natural habitat.

Photographs by Thawatphong Boonma

Kaempferia sipraiana Boonma & Saensouk, sp.nov.

Thawatphong Boonma, Surapon Saensouk and Piyaporn Saensouk. 2022. Kaempferia sipraiana (Zingiberaceae), A New Species from Thailand and a new record of Kaempferia pseudoparviflora for Myanmar. Biodiversitas. 23: 2203-2211.  smujo.id/biodiv/article/view/10728 

  Researchgate.net/publication/360728699_Kaempferia_sipraiana_a_new_species_from_Thailand

[Botany • 2024] Typhonium fornicatum • A New Species from Bueng Kan Province, Northeastern Thailand [Studies on Typhonium (Araceae) of Thailand II]

Typhonium fornicatum P.Saensouk, K.Z.Hein & Saensouk,  

in P. Saensouk, S. Saensouk, Hein, Boonma, Sengthong, Rakarcha et Warseno, 2024.

 taiwania.ntu.edu.tw/abstract/2027

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Abstract

Typhonium fornicatum from Bueng Kan Province (Northeastern Thailand) is described and illustrated as a species new to science. Detailed description, color plates, discussion of similar taxa, phenology, distribution, and conservation status assessment are provided.

Keyword: Aroideae, Areae, Indochina, plant taxonomy, Typhonium circinnatum, Typhonium khonkaenense

Typhonium fornicatum sp. nov.
A. Excavated flowering and fruiting plant, B. Hastate leaf (left showing adaxial surface; right showing abaxial surface), C. Narrowly ovate leaf (left showing adaxial surface; right showing abaxial surface), D. Front view of inflorescence, E. Side view of inflorescence, F. Spadix at pistillate anthesis, nearside spathe artificially removed, G. Spathe (left showing front view; right showing back view), H. Detail of spadix showing pistillate zone, sterile interstice and staminate zone (nearside spathe artificially removed) & I. Berries.

Scale bars: A.=3 cm, B., C., D., E. & F.=2 cm, G.=1 cm, H. & I.=5mm. 

Photos by: Khant Zaw Hein.

 Detail of spadices showing pistillate zone, sterile interstice and staminate zone (nearside spathe artificially removed).
A. Typhonium fornicatum sp. nov., B. T. khonkaenense & C. T. circinnatum.

Photos by: Khant Zaw Hein (A & B) and Wilbert Hetterscheid (C).

Typhonium fornicatum P.Saensouk, K.Z.Hein & Saensouk, sp. nov. 

Diagnosis: This new species differs from all other Typhonium species by having the fewest staminodes (only three) covering the lower portion of the sterile interstice. Typhonium fornicatum is most similar to T. khonkaenense A. Galloway & Charoenwong (Galloway, 2015) (Fig. 2B), but can be readily distinguished by its fornicate spathe limb (vs. recurved spathe limb), much shorter spadix (ca. 7 cm vs. ca. 15 cm), fewer staminodes on the lower portion of the sterile interstice (3 vs. 8–10), and a spreading-declinate appendix (vs. erect appendix).

Etymology: The specific epithet is derived from the Latin "fornicatus" (arched), referring to the shape of the spathe limb.

Typhonium fornicatum sp. nov. Plants in habitat.

Photo by: Khant Zaw Hein.

Piyaporn Saensouk, Surapon Saensouk, Khant Zaw Hein, Thawatphong Boonma, Anousone Sengthong, Sarayut Rakarcha and Tri Warseno. 2024. Studies on Typhonium (Araceae) of Thailand II: Typhonium fornicatum, A New Species from Bueng Kan Province, Northeastern Thailand. Taiwania. 69(4); 487-490. DOI: 10.6165/tai.2024.69.487  taiwania.ntu.edu.tw/abstract/2027

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[Botany • 2024] Kaempferia chaveerachiae (Zingiberaceae) • A New Species from central Thailand

 Kaempferia chaveerachiae Saensouk, P.Saensouk & Boonma, 

in Boonma, S. Saensouk et P. Saensouk. 2024. 

DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae10090934 

 

Abstract

 This research investigates the Zingiberaceae family in Saraburi Province, Thailand, aiming to understand its biodiversity, distribution, ecology, conservation status, and traditional uses. Through systematic exploration, 103 species are identified, including a novel species, Kaempferia chaveerachiae Saensouk, P.Saensouk, and Boonma. Additionally, 23 species are newly reported for distribution in Saraburi Province. Methodologically, a district-wise analysis and the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) cluster analysis were employed to discern species prevalence and geographical patterns. Findings reveal varied species distribution aligned with diverse ecological conditions, informing targeted conservation strategies. Fourteen endemic species and the District Endemism Index emphasize localized conservation significance. Assessment of conservation status highlights critical and vulnerable species, prompting focused conservation initiatives. Phenological analysis underscores adaptability through flowering peaks tied to environmental cues. Ethnobotanical insights highlight the multifunctionality of Zingiberaceae, emphasizing its cultural significance and traditional applications. This study offers valuable insights into Zingiberaceae diversity, advocating for tailored conservation strategies and sustainable practices in Saraburi Province to safeguard its unique flora, habitats, and indigenous knowledge.

Keywords: diversity; endemic; new species; taxonomy; Zingiberales

 Kaempferia chaveerachiae Saensouk, P.Saensouk & Boonma:
 (A) natural habitat, (B) front view of flower, (C) semi side view of inflorescence with flower, (D) plants with leaves displaying varying degrees of dark green to almost black patterns on the adaxial surface.

Photographs by Thawatphong Boonma.

 Kaempferia chaveerachiae Saensouk, P.Saensouk & Boonma:
(A) side view of flower, (B) semi side view and front view of anther, (C) dorsal corolla lobe, (D) lateral corolla lobes, (E) bracteole, (F) bract, (G) habit, (H) seed with aril, (I) ovary with epigynous glands, (J) fruit with calyx:

Drawn by Thawatphong Boonma.

 Thawatphong Boonma, Surapon Saensouk and Piyaporn Saensouk. 2024. Biogeography, Conservation Status, and Traditional Uses of Zingiberaceae in Saraburi Province, Thailand, with Kaempferia chaveerachiae sp. nov. Horticulturae. 10(9), 934. DOI: doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10090934  

[Botany • 2024] Curcuma peninsularis (Curcuma subg. Curcuma, Zingiberaceae: Zingibereae) • A Horticultural Gem Unveiled: A New Species from Peninsular Thailand

 Curcuma peninsularis Saensouk, P.Saensouk, Maknoi & Boonma,  

in P. Saensouk, S. Saensouk, Maknoi, Setyawan et Boonma, 2024.  

DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae10090950

Photographs by Thawatphong Boonma & Ornicha Chinkam.

Abstract

The genus Curcuma L. (Zingiberaceae) is highly diverse and often exhibits similar morphological appearances, leading to frequent misidentifications that impact botanical practices, horticultural activities, and conservation efforts. This study addresses the taxonomic confusion surrounding the plant locally known as “Ploy Thaksin”, which was previously misidentified as Curcuma aurantiaca Zijp. To resolve this issue, we conducted a detailed morphological analysis and reviewed the protologues descriptions of its ally species, focusing on anther characteristics and other key features. Our findings reveal that “Ploy Thaksin” actually represents two distinct species: one correctly identified as C. aurantiaca found in lower Peninsular Thailand (Satun and Trang Provinces), and another species, characterized by calcarate anthers found in upper Peninsular Thailand which resemble C. sumatrana Miq., C. nepalensis M.Sabu, Kasaju, and S.Subedi, described here as a new species under the name “Curcuma peninsularis Saensouk, P.Saensouk, Maknoi, and Boonma” along with the details of a description, illustration, map of distribution, vernacular name, ecology, phenology, utilization, and economic value, including the proposal of a conservation status. This study clarifies previous misidentifications and underscores the importance of precise taxonomic practices for the accurate classification and conservation of Curcuma species. The results provide valuable insights for future research and horticultural applications, enhancing the understanding of Curcuma biodiversity.  

Keywords: Curcuma; diversity; horticulture; new species; taxonomy; Thailand; Zingiberaceae

 Curcuma peninsularis Saensouk, P.Saensouk, Maknoi, and Boonma sp. nov.
 (a) habit; (b) front view of flower; (c) top view of inflorescence; (d) clump-forming growth habit.

Photographs by Ornicha Chinkam and Thawatphong Boonma.

 Curcuma peninsularis Saensouk, P.Saensouk, Maknoi, and Boonma sp. nov.
 (a) leaf apex on abaxial side with slightly reddish tinge; (b) reddish along the midrib both adaxial and abaxial side of leaves; (c) ligules; (d) rhizome and tuberous root with dissected part; (e) plants in a rubber plantation connected to a natural forest, Ranong Province, Peninsular Thailand.

Photographs (a–d) by Thawatphong Boonma, (e) by Ornicha Chinkam.

 Curcuma peninsularis Saensouk, P.Saensouk, Maknoi, and Boonma sp. nov.
(a) front and side views of anther; (b) lateral corolla lobes; (c) dorsal corolla lobe; (d) lateral staminodes; (e) labellum; (f) bracteole; (g) habits; (h) fruit with calyx; (i) ovary with epigynous glands; (j) inflorescent with flowers.

Drawn by Thawatphong Boonma.

Curcuma peninsularis Saensouk, P.Saensouk, Maknoi, and Boonma sp. nov.

Diagnosis: The new species is similar to C. sumatrana Miq but differentiated by its pale yellow rhizome (vs. C. sumatrana with a light purple and cream rhizome); 16–22 mm-long ligule (vs. c. 3 mm-long); 25–45 cm-long peduncle (vs. 4–18 cm-long); 25–42 × 10–12 cm thyrse (vs. 14–25 × 5.5–7 cm); 70–98 bracts per inflorescence (vs. 15–29); broadly obovate fertile bracts, dark red or dark reddish brown, with a pale green base (vs. ovate-elliptic, bright red, gradually becoming a yellowish cream base); 3.6–4.2 cm-long fused bracts (vs. 3.0–3.3 cm-long); 1.8–3 cm bracteole (vs. c. 1.3 cm-long); 5.3–5.8 cm-long flowers (vs. c. 6.5 cm-long); pubescent floral tube (vs. glabrous); pale yellowish, pubescent corolla lobe (vs. white, glabrous); pubescent lateral staminodes (vs. glabrous); pubescent filament (vs. glabrous); 1.5–2 mm-long anther spurs (vs. 3 mm-long).

 Etymology: The specific epithet “peninsularis” denotes the species’ native habitat in the Peninsular floristic region of Thailand, underscoring its geographical distribution.

Vernacular name: “Ploy Andaman” is derived from Thai, where ‘Ploy’ means ‘gem’ or ‘jewel’ and ‘Andaman’ refers to the Andaman Sea. This name highlights the beauty and uniqueness of the species, found on the peninsular side of the Andaman Sea and the islands within it. The term emphasizes the splendid inflorescence, which is likened to a jewel of the Andaman Sea. Similarly, the vernacular name “Ploy Thaksin” merges “Ploy” with “Thaksin”, which denotes the southern region of Thailand. This name emphasizes the species’ occurrence in the southern part of the country. Both names highlight the species’ connection to specific geographic locations.

Distribution: This newly described species is currently known only from Peninsular Thailand, in the Ranong and Phang-Nga Provinces.

Habitat: Curcuma peninsularis is found at the edge of the forest, at the foot of the mountain, and in former forest areas that have been converted into rubber and palm plantations. In a nearby forest, various plants in the ginger family were observed. Notable species in these areas include Globba pendula Roxb., G. ranongensis Picheans. and Tiyaw., Kaempferia pulchra Ridl., Zingiber longibracteatum Theilade, and Z. montanum (J.Koenig) Link ex A.Dietr.

  Piyaporn Saensouk, Surapon Saensouk, Charun Maknoi, Ahmad Dwi Setyawan and Thawatphong Boonma. 2024. A Horticultural Gem Unveiled: Curcuma peninsularis sp. nov. (Zingiberaceae), A New Species from Peninsular Thailand, Previously Misidentified as Curcuma aurantiaca Zijp. Horticulturae. 10(9); 950. DOI: doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10090950

[Botany • 2024] Curcuma borealis & C. retrocalcaria (Curcuma subg. Ecomatae, Zingiberaceae: Zingibereae) • Two Novel Taxa from Northern Thailand

 Curcuma borealis Saensouk, P.Saensouk & Boonma, 

in P. Saensouk, S. Saensouk, Maknoi et Boonma, 2024.

    DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae10080787

Abstract

This study introduces Curcuma borealis Saensouk, P.Saensouk, and Boonma and C. retrocalcaria Saensouk, P.Saensouk, and Boonma, two newly discovered species within the Curcuma genus of the Zingiberaceae family, found in the Mae Hong Son and Chiang Mai Provinces of Northern Thailand, respectively. This research aims to clarify the taxonomic identity of these species, which were initially confused with C. ecomata Craib and C. chantaranothaii Boonma and Saensouk due to similarities in flower coloration and some morphological characteristics, respectively. Detailed morphological analysis was conducted to distinguish these species. Curcuma borealis is differentiated by its unique anthers lacking appendages or projections at the base of the spurs, in contrast to the appendages or projections present in C. ecomata, while C. retrocalcaria is characterized by anther spurs folding or curving backward under the anther base and with two purple patches at the base of the labellum, distinguishing it from C. chantaranothaii. The findings highlight distinct morphological traits that set C. borealis and C. retrocalcaria apart from existing Curcuma species. The pollen morphology of the two new taxa was also studied here for the first time. This research emphasizes the importance of thorough taxonomic scrutiny for accurate species identification and contributes to our understanding of the diversity within the Curcuma genus. Accurate identification of these species is crucial for conservation efforts, underscoring the need to protect their habitats and maintain biodiversity in the region.

Keywords: Curcuma; Ecomata; new species; Thailand; Zingiberales; Zingiberaceae; Zingibereae

 

 Curcuma borealis Saensouk, P.Saensouk, and Boonma sp. nov.:
 (a) inflorescence with flowers; (b) semi-side view of flower showing the anther spurs without prominent appendages or projections; (c–e) color variation in bracts and flowers; (f) natural habitat; (g) habits.

Photographs by Thawatphong Boonma and Payungsak Joipradit.

 Curcuma borealis Saensouk, P.Saensouk, and Boonma sp. nov.:
(a) side and front view of anther; (b) habit; (c) dorsal corolla lobe; (d) lateral corolla lobes; (e) lateral staminodes; (f) labellum; (g) epigynous glands with ovary; (h) inflorescence with flowers, and new shoot with curling leaf.

Drawn by Thawatphong Boonma.

Curcuma borealis Saensouk, P.Saensouk, and Boonma sp. nov.  

Diagnosis: A new species is similar to Curcuma ecomata Craib but differentiated by its very pale yellowish-white rhizome (vs. pale brown); elliptic lamina measuring 29–43 × 13–17 cm, with a glabrous surface except for hair along the veins (vs. oblanceolate, 15–45 × 5–12 cm, finely hairy); lateral inflorescences (vs. both terminal and lateral); broadly obovate and pubescent fertile bracts (vs. ovate and glabrous); sparsely hairy corolla lobes (vs. glabrous); elliptic-rhomboid staminodes, 1.7–1.9 × 0.8–0.9 cm (vs. obliquely ovate, 1.3–1.6 × 0.6–0.9 cm); pubescent labellum (vs. glabrous with glandular hair); filament 5.5–6 mm long and c. 4 mm wide (vs. 5–7 mm long and 2.5–3 mm wide); anther spurs do not produce mucilage and lack prominent appendages or projections (vs. anther spurs mucilage-producing with prominent appendages or projections); and epigynous glands 8–8.5 mm long (vs. 7–8 mm).

Etymology: The specific epithet “borealis” is derived from the Latin word “borealis”, meaning “northern”. This name was chosen to reflect the species’ distribution exclusively in the northern regions of Thailand.

Vernacular name: “Thep Apsorn”, this name is derived from the name of Apsara, the most beautiful celestial maiden in Hindu and Buddhist mythology. The name reflects the striking beauty of the species’ inflorescences and flowers, particularly when they bloom simultaneously from the lower fertile bracts. This blooming pattern, with the upper bracts still without flowers, resembles the traditional depiction of an Apsara, who is often portrayed with a flowing dress that leaves her upper body uncovered.

Curcuma retrocalcaria Saensouk, P.Saensouk, and Boonma sp. nov.:
 (a) front view of flower; (b) dorsal corolla lobe; (c) lateral corolla lobes; (d) side view of the anther; (e) dissection of the floral tube showing the epigynous glands; (f) side view of flower; (g) lateral staminodes with filament and anther; (h) labellum (i) dissection of calyx showing apex’s lobes; (j) side view of inflorescence with flower; (k) habit.

Photographs by Thawatphong Boonma.

Curcuma retrocalcaria Saensouk, P.Saensouk, and Boonma sp. nov.:
 (a) habit; (b) side view of inflorescence with flower; (c) side view of anther; (d) side view of flower; (e) dorsal corolla lobe; (f) lateral corolla lobes; (g) dissection of calyx; (h) lateral staminodes; (i) Labellum; (j) dissection of the floral tube showing the epigynous glands, and semi-front view of anther.

Drawn by Thawatphong Boonma.

Curcuma retrocalcaria Saensouk, P.Saensouk, and Boonma sp. nov. 

Diagnosis: A new species closely resembles Curcuma chantaranothaii Boonma and Saensouk but can be distinguished by the following characteristics: ligule—3.5–5 mm long, apex rounded (vs. C. chantaranothaii with ligule 7–8 mm long, apex acute); staminodes—asymmetrical ovate, apex obtuse, white with a yellow dot at the base and a darker reddish spot inside (vs. rhomboid, apex acute, white with a yellow patch along the center); labellum obovate—white with a yellow band extending from the apex down to about half their length. At the base of the labellum, there are two yellow dots with a darker reddish spot inside, positioned on the side closer to the staminode. Adjacent to these dots, there are two pale purple patches (vs. labellum broadly obovate, white with an embossed yellow median band extending from tip to base, diverging at the base in a Y-shape, with two paler yellow crescent patches from the apex on each side to the half of the length); anther thecae—c. 4 mm long (vs. c. 6 mm long); anther crest—2.5–2.8 mm long, apex slightly retuse (vs. c. 0.8 mm long, apex rounded); anther spurs—c. 1 mm long, folding or curving backward under the anther base (vs. spurs c. 0.5 mm long, not folding, pointing downwards).

Etymology: The specific epithet “retrocalcaria” derives from Latin roots. The “retro” denotes “backward”, indicating the characteristic of the spurs folding or curving backward; “calcaria” is the plural form of “calcar”, meaning “spurs”. Together, “retrocalcaria” describes the unique anatomical feature of this new Curcuma species, where the spurs fold backward under the base of the anther (Figure 6 and Figure 7).

Vernacular name: “Sri Sunthon”, this name is derived from the esteemed Mr. Sunthon Aiamwilai, who introduced this undescribed species of Curcuma to the third author in 2021. Subsequently, specimens of the plant were gathered in the years that followed. In honor of Mr. Sunthon Aiamwilai’s pivotal role in the discovery of this species, it was named after him, with the prefix “Sri” conveying respect and admiration in this context. Additionally, the word “Sunthon” in Thai means “beautiful”, which is fitting as it is associated with the beauty of this species.

Piyaporn Saensouk, Surapon Saensouk, Charun Maknoi and Thawatphong Boonma. 2024. Curcuma borealis sp. nov. and C. retrocalcaria sp. nov. (Zingiberaceae): Two Novel Taxa from Northern Thailand. Horticulturae. 10(8), 787. DOI: doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10080787