[Mammalogy • 2014] A Taxonomic Revision of the Saki Monkeys Pithecia Desmarest, 1804

Sub-adult male White-faced Saki Pithecia pithecia Photo: Russell A. Mittermeier, Conservation International | IUCN.org

Abstract

For more than 200 years, the taxonomy of Pithecia has been floating on the misunderstanding of a few species, in particular P. pithecia and P. monachus. In this revision, historical names and descriptions are addressed and original type material is examined. For every museum specimen, all location, collection, and museum data were recorded, and photographs and measurements of each skin, skull, mount, or fluid specimen were taken. The revision is based on work conducted in 36 museums in 28 cities from 17 countries in North America, South America, Europe, and Japan, resulting in the examination of 876 skins (including mounts and fluids), 690 skulls, and hundreds of photographs taken by the author and by colleagues in the field of living captive and wild sakis of all species, and through internet searches. Per this revision, there are 16 species of Pithecia: five currently recognized, three reinstated, three elevated from subspecies level, and five newly described.

Key Words: Pithecia, saki, taxonomy, revision, new species, P. pithecia, P. monachus

Male Buffy Saki Pithecia albicans

Photo: Russell A. Mittermeier, Conservation International

Classification

Equatorial saki, Pithecia aequatorialis (Hershkovitz, 1987) 

White-footed saki or Buffy saki, Pithecia albicans (Gray, 1860)

Cazuza's saki, Pithecia cazuzai Marsh, 2014 

Golden-faced saki, Pithecia chrysocephala (I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1850) 

Hairy saki, Pithecia hirsuta (Spix, 1823) 

Burnished saki, Pithecia inusta (Spix, 1823) 

Rio Tapajós saki or Gray's bald-faced saki, Pithecia irrorata (Gray, 1842) 

Isabel's saki, Pithecia isabela Marsh, 2014 

Monk saki, Pithecia monachus (É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1812) 

Miller's saki, Pithecia milleri (J. A. Allen, 1914) 

Mittermeier's Tapajós saki, Pithecia mittermeieri Marsh, 2014 

Napo saki, Pithecia napensis (Lönnberg, 1938) 

White-faced saki, Pithecia pithecia (Linnaeus 1766) 

Pissinatti’s bald-faced saki, Pithecia pissinattii Marsh, 2014 

Rylands' bald-faced saki, Pithecia rylandsi Marsh, 2014 

Vanzolini's bald-faced saki, Pithecia vanzolinii (Hershkovitz, 1987) 

  

Mittermeier's Tapajos Saki Pithecia mittermeieri :: Ryland's Bold-faced Saki Pithecia rylandsi

Illustration: Stephen Nash, Conservation International 

Cazuza's saki, Pithecia cazuzai Marsh, 2014

Isabel's saki, Pithecia isabela Marsh, 2014

 Laura K. Marsh. 2014. A Taxonomic Revision of the Saki Monkeys, Pithecia Desmarest, 1804. Neotropical Primates. 21(1); 1-163.

http://www.primate-sg.org/storage/pdf/NP_special_issue_lores_part1_1-82.pdf

Study describes five new species of Amazonian Saki Monkey

A major taxonomic revision of the saki monkeys (genus Pithecia) has revealed the existence of five new saki species.

http://iucn.org/about/work/programmes/species/?18280/Study-describes-five-new-species-of-Amazonian-Saki-Monkey

Resumen

Por más de 200 años, la taxonomía de Pithecia ha estado flotando en la confusión de unas pocas especies, en particular P. pithecia y P. monachus. En esta revisión, los nombres históricos y descripciones son abordadas y el material tipo original es examinado. Para cada espécimen de museo, todos los datos de localidad, colección y museo fueron registrados, y fotografías y medidas de cada piel, cráneo, montaje, o especímenes conservados en fluido fueron tomadas. La revisión está basada en trabajo llevado a cabo en 36 museos en 28 ciudades de 17 países en Norte América, Sur América, Europa, y Japón, resultando en la examinación de 876 pieles (incluyendo montajes y fluidos), 690 cráneos, y cientos de fotografías tomadas por la autora y por colegas en el campo, de individuos vivos en cautiverio o estado silvestre de todas las especies de Pithecia, y mediante búsquedas en internet. Con base en esta revisión, hay 16 especies de Pithecia: cinco actualmente conocidas, tres reclasificadas, tres elevadas del nivel de subespecie y cinco nuevas descritas. 

Palabras Clave: Pithecia, saki, taxonomía, revisión, nueva especie, P. pithecia, P. monachus

[Mammalogy • 2002] Callicebus bernhardi & C. stephennashi • A taxonomic review of the titi monkeys, genus Callicebus Thomas, 1903, with the description of two new species from Brazilian Amazonia

  

Prince Bernhard's titi (Callicebus bernhardi)

Abstract

This paper provides a taxonomic review of the titi monkeys, genus Callicebus, and describes two new species from central  Brazilian Amazonia, Callicebus bernhardi and Callicebus stephennashi. 

Previous revisions include Hershkovitz (1988, 1990), Kobayashi (1995), Kobayashi and Langguth (1999) and Groves (1993, 2001). Here we arrange the titi monkeys, genus Callicebus Thomas, 1903, into five Species Groups or clades, and  total of 28 species. 

The Callicebus donacophilus Group is represented by the following species: Callicebus modestus Lönnberg, 1939, Callicebus donacophilus (d’Orbigny, 1836), Callicebus pallescens Thomas, 1907 (treated by Hershkovitz as a subspecies of C. donacophilus), Callicebus olallae Lönnberg, 1939, and Callicebus oenanthe Thomas, 1924. The Callicebus moloch Group is represented by the following species: Callicebus cinerascens (Spix, 1823), Callicebus hoffmannsi Thomas, 1908, Callicebus baptista Lönnberg, 1939 (treated by Hershkovitz as a subspecies of C. hoffmannsi), Callicebus brunneus (Wagner, 1842), Callicebus moloch (Hoffmannsegg, 1807), and the new species here described as Callicebus bernhardi. The Callicebus cupreus Group is represented by the following species: Callicebus cupreus (Spix, 1823), Callicebus discolor (I. Geoffroy & Deville, 1848) (treated by Hershkovitz as a subspecies of C. cupreus), Callicebus ornatus (Gray, 1866) (treated by Hershkovitz as a subspecies of Callicebus cupreus), Callicebus caligatus (Wagner, 1842), Callicebus dubius Hershkovitz, 1988, and the new species here described as Callicebus stephennashi. 

The Callicebus torquatus Group is represented by the following species: Callicebus torquatus (Hoffmannsegg, 1807), Callicebus lugens (Humboldt, 1811) (treated by Hershkovitz as a subspecies of C. torquatus), Callicebus purinus Thomas, 1927 (treated by Hershkovitz as a subspecies of C. torquatus), Callicebus lucifer Thomas, 1914 (treated by Hershkovitz as a subspecies of C. torquatus), Callicebus regulus Thomas, 1927 (treated by Hershkovitz as a subspecies of C. torquatus), and Callicebus medemi Hershkovitz, 1963 (treated by Hershkovitz as a subspecies of C. torquatus). 

The Callicebus personatus Group is treated separately from the Callicebus moloch Group and is represented by the following species: Callicebus personatus (É. Geoffroy, 1812), Callicebus melanochir (Wied-Neuwied, 1820) (treated by Hershkovitz as a subspecies of C. personatus), Callicebus nigrifrons (Spix, 1823) (treated by Hershkovitz as a subspecies of C. personatus), Callicebus barbarabrownae Hershkovitz, 1990 (treated by Hershkovitz as a subspecies of C. personatus), and Callicebus coimbrai Kobayashi & Langguth, 1999. 

Callicebus bernhardi was discovered in the Rio Aripuanã basin in 1996 by M. G. M. van Roosmalen, who also discovered Callicebus stephennashi in 2001, while traveling on the Rio Purus. The geographic distributions of all hitherto recognized Callicebus species are updated, and the validity of the river barrier hypothesis for titis and other Amazonian primates is discussed, along with their conservation status.

Key Words: - Primates, Pitheciidae, Callicebus,  titi monkeys, distribution,  Callicebus bernhardi  new species,  Callicebus stephennashi new species, Amazonia, Brazil.

In the forest of monkeys: Researchers have discovered two new species of primate in isolated regions of the Amazon - http://veja.abril.com.br/030702/p_065.html

Two new primates, Callicebus stephennashi (above) and C. bernhardi (below), were recently discovered in the Amazon.

Sketches courtesy of Stephen Nash/Conservation International

http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2002/06/0624_020624_TVprimate.html

http://www.marcvanroosmalen.org/newspecies.htm

Roosmalen, Roosmalen, and Mittermeier. 2002. A taxonomic review of the titi monkeys, genus Callicebus Thomas, 1903, with the description of two new species, Callicebus bernhardi and Callicebus stephennashi, from Brazilian Amazonia. Neotropical Primates 10 (Suppl.): 1–52.

http://www.marcvanroosmalen.org/images/Taxonomic_Review_of_Titi_Monkeys.pdf

Figure 2. Schematic map of the distribution of Amazonian titi monkeys, belonging to the donacophilus, cupreus and moloch Groups.

Illustration by Stephen D. Nash.

Figure 37. Schematic map of the distribution of the Amazonian titi monkeys belonging to the torquatus Group. 

Illustrations by by Stephen D. Nash.

[Mammalogy • 2002] A taxonomic review of the titi monkeys, genus Callicebus Thomas, 1903 (Primates, Cebidae)

Figure 2. Schematic map of the distribution of Amazonian titi monkeys, belonging to the donacophilus, cupreus and moloch Groups. 

Illustration by Stephen D. Nash.

Abstract

This paper provides a taxonomic review of the titi monkeys, genus Callicebus, and describes two new species from central  Brazilian Amazonia, Callicebus bernhardi and Callicebus stephennashi. Previous revisions include Hershkovitz (1988, 1990), Kobayashi (1995), Kobayashi and Langguth (1999) and Groves (1993, 2001). Here we arrange the titi monkeys, genus Callicebus Thomas, 1903, into five Species Groups or clades, and  total of 28 species. 

The Callicebus donacophilus Group is represented by the following species: Callicebus modestus Lönnberg, 1939, Callicebus donacophilus (d’Orbigny, 1836), Callicebus pallescens Thomas, 1907 (treated by Hershkovitz as a subspecies of C. donacophilus), Callicebus olallae Lönnberg, 1939, and Callicebus oenanthe Thomas, 1924. The Callicebus moloch Group is represented by the following species: Callicebus cinerascens (Spix, 1823), Callicebus hoffmannsi Thomas, 1908, Callicebus baptista Lönnberg, 1939 (treated by Hershkovitz as a subspecies of C. hoffmannsi), Callicebus brunneus (Wagner, 1842), Callicebus moloch (Hoffmannsegg, 1807), and the new species here described as Callicebus bernhardi. The Callicebus cupreus Group is represented by the following species: Callicebus cupreus (Spix, 1823), Callicebus discolor (I. Geoffroy & Deville, 1848) (treated by Hershkovitz as a subspecies of C. cupreus), Callicebus ornatus (Gray, 1866) (treated by Hershkovitz as a subspecies of Callicebus cupreus), Callicebus caligatus (Wagner, 1842), Callicebus dubius Hershkovitz, 1988, and the new species here described as Callicebus stephennashi. 

The Callicebus torquatus Group is represented by the following species: Callicebus torquatus (Hoffmannsegg, 1807), Callicebus lugens (Humboldt, 1811) (treated by Hershkovitz as a subspecies of C. torquatus), Callicebus purinus Thomas, 1927 (treated by Hershkovitz as a subspecies of C. torquatus), Callicebus lucifer Thomas, 1914 (treated by Hershkovitz as a subspecies of C. torquatus), Callicebus regulus Thomas, 1927 (treated by Hershkovitz as a subspecies of C. torquatus), and Callicebus medemi Hershkovitz, 1963 (treated by Hershkovitz as a subspecies of C. torquatus). 

The Callicebus personatus Group is treated separately from the Callicebus moloch Group and is represented by the following species: Callicebus personatus (É. Geoffroy, 1812), Callicebus melanochir (Wied-Neuwied, 1820) (treated by Hershkovitz as a subspecies of C. personatus), Callicebus nigrifrons (Spix, 1823) (treated by Hershkovitz as a subspecies of C. personatus), Callicebus barbarabrownae Hershkovitz, 1990 (treated by Hershkovitz as a subspecies of C. personatus), and Callicebus coimbrai Kobayashi & Langguth, 1999. Callicebus bernhardi was discovered in the Rio Aripuanã basin in 1996 by M. G. M. van Roosmalen, who also discovered Callicebus stephennashi in 2001, while traveling on the Rio Purus. The geographic distributions of all hitherto recognized Callicebus species are updated, and the validity of the river barrier hypothesis for titis and other Amazonian primates is discussed, along with their conservation status.

Key Words: - Primates, Pitheciidae, Callicebus,  titi monkeys, distribution,  Callicebus bernhardi  new species,  Callicebus stephennashi new species, Amazonia, Brazil.

Figure 47. Array of faces of titi monkeys, genus Callicebus, arranged by group.

Illustration by Stephen D. Nash.

Figure 2. Schematic map of the distribution of Amazonian titi monkeys, belonging to the donacophilus, cupreus and moloch Groups.

Illustration by Stephen D. Nash.

Figure 37. Schematic map of the distribution of the Amazonian titi monkeys belonging to the torquatus Group. 

Illustrations by by Stephen D. Nash.

Two new primates, Callicebus stephennashi (above) and C. bernhardi (below), were recently discovered in the Amazon.

Sketches courtesy of Stephen Nash/Conservation International

http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2002/06/0624_020624_TVprimate.html

http://www.marcvanroosmalen.org/newspecies.htm

Roosmalen, Roosmalen, and Mittermeier. 2002. A taxonomic review of the titi monkeys, genus Callicebus Thomas, 1903, with the description of two new species, Callicebus bernhardi and Callicebus stephennashi, from Brazilian Amazonia. Neotropical Primates 10 (Suppl.): 1–52.

http://www.marcvanroosmalen.org/images/Taxonomic_Review_of_Titi_Monkeys.pdf