[Ichthyology • 2016] Eviota erdmanni • A New Dwarfgoby (Teleostei: Gobiidae) from the Savu Sea, Flores, Indonesia

Abstract

A uniquely colored dwarfgoby, Eviota erdmanni n. sp., with a cup-like urogenital papilla in males, a cephalic sensory-canal pore system lacking only the IT pore (pattern 2), some branched pectoral-fin rays, and a dorsal/anal fin-ray formula of 9/8 is described from south Flores, Indonesia. We use molecular data from both mitochondrial and nuclear genes to infer the phylogenetic relationship of the new species with respect to its congeners, with specific emphasis on species with uniquely shaped urogenital papillae.

Key words: taxonomy, systematics, phylogenetics, coral-reef fishes, gobies, Pacific Ocean, urogenital papilla, molecular data.

 Luke Tornabene and David W Greenfield. 2016. Eviota erdmanni (Teleostei: Gobiidae), A New Dwarfgoby from the Savu Sea, Flores, Indonesia. Journal of the Ocean Science Foundation. 22, 1–9. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.56572

http://www.oceansciencefoundation.org/josf/josf22a.pdf

 

[Botany • 2014] Hechtia flexilifolia, H. huamelulaensis & H. nivea • Three New Species and Growth Patterns in Hechtia (Bromeliaceae: Hechtioideae) from Oaxaca, Mexico

ABSTRACT

Three new species of Hechtia from the Mexican State of Oaxaca are herein proposed as new: Hechtia flexilifolia, H. huamelulaensis, and H. nivea, from the physiogeographical provinces of Mixteca Alta, Costas del Sur, and Sierras Centrales de Oaxaca respectively. All three species are described and illustrated. Iconography provided features plants in habitat and under cultivation. An assessment of their conservation status sensu IUCN criteria is presented as well. We also discuss and illustrate the three growth patterns identified at this time in the genus.

Keywords: Diversity, endemism, growth patterns, IUCN, Oaxaca, physiogeographical regions

Hechtia flexilifolia I. Ramírez & Carnevali, spec. nov. 

This new species is characterized by an unique combination of characters: leaves numerous, (20–)30–40 in number, proportionally long, narrow, flexible, margins densely spinose, abaxial epidermis glossy and wrinkled, shedding when dry, staminate inflorescence a 1–2 times divided panicle, with a long peduncle, branches at first secund, then horizontal, branches densely flowered, cylindrical, rachis green, sulcate, sterile bases of branches bracteate, petals white.

Distribution and habitat:— Hechtia flexilifolia is known from a restricted geographical area near the village of Yosondúa, where it grows in close sympatry with H. nuusaviorum Espejo & López-Ferr. in Espejo et al. (2007b: 98). There it grows as a lithophyte on steep or vertical rock walls, at an elevation of ca. 1970 m, surrounded by humid forest. Most collections have been made from around the Yosondúa waterfalls, a well-known touristic site.

Etymology:— The specific epithet refers to the flexible foliar blades, an unique feature in the genus in Oaxaca since the rest of the species have succulent, rigid, inflexible leaves.

IUCN Conservation assessment:— Vulnerable (VU). Hechtia flexilifolia meets criteria D2 of the IUCN (2010). The species is known from an area of less than 2 km2 within which it occurs only at a handful of small sites. Albeit local populations of the species can be rich in individuals and are often inaccessible, they are widely dispersed and isolated on the slopes and cliffs of the mountainous landscape.

Hechtia huamelulaensis I. Ramírez & Carnevali, spec. nov. 

 A species similar to Hechtia glauca but leaves dull matte green (vs. glaucous), the leaf margins not undulate (vs. undulate throughout), without tufts of hairs in axils of spines (vs. with tuft of hairs in axils of spines); peduncle of the pistillate inflorescence 20–23 cm long (vs. 40–75.5 cm long); staminate sepals 2.5–3.4 mm long (vs. 1.6–2.2 mm long), pistillate floral bracts longer (2.4–4.7 mm vs. 1–2.3 mm long); fruits ellipsoid, not pendulous, 9–12.3 x 4.5–5.7 mm (vs. ovoid, pendulous, (8)9–12 x 3.5–5 mm).

Distribution:— Hechtia huamelulaensis occurs in the southeastern area of the State of Oaxaca (Fig. 3), on the Pacific slopes of the Tehuantepec Isthmus, an area belonging to the Costas del Sur Physiogeographical Province (Cervantes-Zamora et al., 1990). So far it is only known from the vicinity of the village of San Pedro Huamelula in the municipality of the same name. The area where this species has been found coincides with a relatively small patch of hot arid climate (type BSo(h’)w), which is embedded within a more extensive region of tropical subhumid climate (García 1998). At this single locality, H. huamelulaensis grows in xerophytic vegetation at an elevation of ca. 60 m and is associated with such other plants as Agave ghiesbreghtii Lemaire ex Jacobi (1864:545), Plumeria rubra Linnaeus (1753: 209), Opuntia decumbens Salm-Reifferscheid-Dyck (1834: 361), and a laxly-flowered form of Hechtia rosea.

Etymology:— The epithet refers to the locality where the new species was collected, San Pedro Huamelula in Oaxaca, Mexico.

IUCN Conservation assessment:— Vulnerable (VU). Hechtia huamelulaensis meets criteria D2 of the IUCN (2010). The species is known from an area of less than 2 sq.km. within which it occurs only at a handful of small sites. Albeit local populations of the species can be rich in individuals and are often inaccessible, they are widely scattered and isolated on the slopes and tops of small rocky hills.

Hechtia nivea I. Ramírez & C. F. Jiménez, spec. nov. 

 This new species is similar to Hechtia nuusaviorum in its inflorescence architecture and condensed, conical or cylindrical branches in both sexes; however the new species differ in that foliar blades are 21–39 x 1.3–2.9 cm (vs. 30–75 x 1.5–4.5 cm), densely white lepidote on both surfaces (vs. glabrous above and white lepidote abaxially); staminate inflorescences are denser, featuring ca. 12 branches in a rachis of 20 cm length (vs. 5 branches in the same length), branches 1.2–3 × 1–1.4 cm (vs. 4 cm long × 2.5 wide), primary bracts much longer than or equaling the branch length (vs. always shorter than the branches); pistillate inflorescences are denser with ca. 16 branches in 20 cm length (vs. ca. 5), primary bracts vary from shorter to longer than the branches (vs. always shorter), branches are cylindrical, and up to 2.4 cm long (vs. 3 cm long and spheroid), floral bracts are equaling the flower, petals green, ovary reddish, and stigma white (vs. floral bracts shorter than the petals, petals white, ovary and stigma white in H. nuusaviorum).

Distribution and habitat:— Hechtia nivea is known from a restricted geographical area in the vicinity of the village of San Pedro Nodón. It grows as a lithophyte on vertical walls where rosettes resemble silver stars from afar. It also grows at the foothills in a general area of low caducifolious forest along with species of Agave Linnaeus (1753: 323) (Agavaceae), Brahea Martius (1838: 243) (Arecaceae), Cnidoscolus Pohl (1827: 56) (Euphorbiaceae) and Bursera Jacquin ex Linnaeus (1762: 471) (Burseraceae), at elevations of about 1700 m. Hechtia nivea was collected in bloom during April 2013 and several plants of it are currently under cultivation.

 Etymology:— The specific epithet refers to the white indumentum of the leaves lending the plant a snowy aspect.

IUCN Conservation assessment:— Vulnerable (VU). Hechtia nivea meets criteria D2 of the IUCN (2001). The species is known from an area of less than 2 sq.km. within which it occurs only at a handful of small sites. Albeit local populations of the species can be rich in individuals and are often inaccessible, they are widely scattered and isolated on the slopes and tops of small hills where they are susceptible to fires and other anthropogenic disturbances.

Ivon Ramirez, Carlos F. Jiménez, Germán Carnevali and Juan Pablo Pinzón. 2014.  Three New Species and Growth Patterns in Hechtia (Bromeliaceae: Hechtioideae). Phytotaxa. 178(2):113.  DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.178.2.3

ResearchGate.net/publication/280843153_Three_new_species_and_growth_patterns_in_Hechtia_Bromeliaceae_Hechtioideae

[Botany • 2013] Hechtia hernandez-sandovalii • A New Species of Hechtia (Bromeliaceae) from southwestern Tamaulipas, Mexico

FIGURE 1. Hechtia hernandez-sandovalii I. Ramírez, C. F. Jiménez & Treviño (A, C, E).

A. Plant in habit. C. Young staminate inflorescence showing white indumentum. E. Staminate branch. F. Pistillate branch.

Hechtia glomerata Zucc. (B, D). 

B . Plant in habit, see rosette shape and leaf color. D. Staminate (above) and pistillate (below) flowers.
 Photographs A, B, C, D by Ivón Ramirez; E by Jacinto Treviño Carreón

DOI:  10.11646/phytotaxa.112.2.1 

Abstract

A new species of Hechtia from the Mexican State of Tamaulipas is herein proposed as new: Hechtia hernandez-sandovalii, which is known only from the municipality of Villa de Miquihuana in the southwestern portion of the state. The new species is easily recognized by the following combination of characters: its white cotton-like indument (turning brownish with age) on the branches, rachis, and peduncle of both staminate and pistillate inflorescences. The new taxon is compared with H. glomerata, a species morphologically similar.

Keywords: Dioecy, endemism, Hechtia glomerata, IUCN, lateral inflorescence

FIGURE 1. Hechtia hernandez-sandovalii (A, C, E, F). A. Plant in habit. C. Young staminate inflorescence showing white indumentum. E. Staminate branch. F. Pistillate branch. 
Hechtia glomerata (B, D).  B. Plant in habit, see rosette shape and leaf color. D. Staminate (above) and pistillate (below) flowers.

Photographs A, B, C, D by Ivón Ramirez; E and F by Jacinto Treviño Carreón.  

Hechtia hernandez-sandovalii   I. Ramírez, C. F. Jiménez & Treviño

DOI:  10.11646/phytotaxa.112.2.1

Species similar to Hechtia glomerata Zucc. in its acaule rosettes with narrowly triangular blades, glabrous above, densely white lepidote below, lateral inflorescence, and staminate and pistillate flowers with white petals. However, H. hernandez-sandovalii presents branches of the inflorescence densely covered with a initially white indumentum that turns brownish with age and flowers totally immersed in it (vs. thin indumentums and flowers not immersed in it), rosettes taller than wide, leaves erect, falcate, laminae green, never developing red color (vs. rosette ellipsoid, wider than tall, leaves horizontally extended, apices deflexed, leaves green, shiny above, usually develop red color in H. glomerata); foliar sheaths shorter (2.5–3 cm vs. 3–6 cm in H. glomerata); floral parts (floral bracts, petals, sepals, ovary, anthers, and staminodes) and fruits larger, but seeds smaller in H. hernandez-sandovalii.

Etymology:— We dedicate this species to Luis G. Hernández Sandoval who collected the type material of this new species.

IUCN   Conservation   assessment:— VU. Hechtia hernandez-sandovalii meets criteria D2 of the IUCN (2001). The species is known from an area of less than 2 km2 within which it occurs only at a handful of small sites. Albeit local populations of the species can be rich in individuals and are often inaccessible, they are widely dispersed and isolated on the slopes and tops of small hills.

Ivón Ramírez Morillo, Carlos F. Jiménez Nah and Jacinto Treviño Carreón. 2013. A New Species of Hechtia (Bromeliaceae) from southwestern Tamaulipas, Mexico.
 Phytotaxa. 112(2); 33–42. DOI:  10.11646/phytotaxa.112.2.1

 ResearchGate.net/publication/275430144_A_new_species_of_Hechtia_Bromeliaceae_from_southwestern_Tamaulipas_Mexico

twitter.com/PhytoFigs/status/447004324539805696

[Botany • 2015] Hechtia deceptrix • A New Species of Hechtia (Bromeliaceae: Hechtioideae) from Hidalgo (Mexico)

Hechtia deceptrix  

I. Ramírez & Hornung    DOI:  10.11646/phytotaxa.221.2.5 

ABSTRACT

We propose that two populations previously referred to Hechtia epigyna, from the Mexican state of Hidalgo, represent a new species. Plants from the Hidalgo populations share the inferior ovary with Hechtia epigyna, an unusual trait in the genus, but they differ in their growth pattern (central vs. lateral inflorescence), characters of the adaxial foliar surface, petal color, and fruit position during dehiscence. We also provide a clarification on the typification of Hechtia epigyna. An assessment of the conservation status of the new species, Hechtia deceptrix following IUCN criteria resulted as CR (Critically Endangered).

Keywords: Epigynous flowers, growth pattern, Hechtia epigyna, Hidalgo, IUCN, Tamaulipas, Monocots, Mexico

FIGURE 2.  Hechtia deceptrix  I. Ramírez & Hornung
 A. Plants in habitat. B. Comparative size of a staminate inflorescence and rosette. C. Central origin of the inflorescence according to the strict sympodium growth pattern. D. Details of staminate flowers at anthesis. E. Staminate inflorescence showing position of branches and flowers arrangement. F. Pistillate flowers at anthesis.

 Photographs by Claudia T. Hornung-Leoni

Hechtia deceptrix I. Ramírez & Hornung, spec. nov. 

This new species shares with Hechtia epigyna the epigynous flowers but it differs in its larger overall vegetative size, in its strict sympodium growth pattern with terminal inflorescence (vs. pseudomonopodial with lateral inflorescence), glabrous adaxial foliar surface (vs. white lepidote), green petals (vs. pink) in fresh flowers, and erect fruits (vs. pendulous). 

Etymology:— The specific Latin epithet, deceptrix means deceiver, after the fact that the new species was confused with Hechtia epigyna when first collected by A. Espejo and collaborators.

Ivon Ramirez, Claudia T. Hornung-Leoni, Manuel González-Ledesma and Jacinto Treviño. 2015. A New Species of Hechtia (Bromeliaceae: Hechtioideae) from Hidalgo (Mexico).
Phytotaxa. 221(2). DOI:  10.11646/phytotaxa.221.2.5

ResearchGate.net/publication/280684276_A_new_species_of_Hechtia_Bromeliaceae_Hechtioideae_from_Hidalgo_Mexico

[Botany • 2016] Hechtia santanae • An Addition to Genus Hechtia (Hechtioideae; Bromeliaceae) from Jalisco, Mexico

Hechtia santanae  

  I. Ramírez & P. Carrillo DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.266.4.3

Abstract

A new species of Hechtia (Bromeliaceae, Hechtioideae) from the Mexican State of Jalisco and the physiogeographical province of the Pacific Lowlands, Hechtia santanae, is proposed as new herein. A description is provided, based on male and female plants, including fruits. Specimens of the new species had been identified previously as H. laevis L. B. Smith, a species native of the neighboring state of Colima. Photographs showing diagnostic characters and details of the habitat, and an assessment of the conservation status of the new taxon, based upon the B criteria of the IUCN, are also included.

Keywords: Endemic, gypsum, Hechtia, IUCN, Monocots, Mexico

Ivón Ramírez-Morillo, Pablo Carrillo-Reyes, José L. Tapia Muñoz and William Cetzal-Ix.. 2016.  An Addition to Genus Hechtia (Hechtioideae; Bromeliaceae) from Jalisco, Mexico. Phytotaxa. 266(4); 261–270. DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.266.4.3

[Invertebrate • 2016] A Taxonomic Review of the Centipede Genus Scolopendra Linnaeus, 1758 (Scolopendromorpha, Scolopendridae) in mainland Southeast Asia, with Description of A New Species, Scolopendra cataracta

 Habitus photographs of Scolopendra species:

Figure 42. A Scolopendra cataract (Champasak, Laos, holotype CUMZ 00316)  

B Scolopendra pinguis (Colour morph 2B) C Scolopendra dawydoffi (CUMZ 00272).

Figure 9. A Scolopendra subspinipes (Singapore, CUMZ 00315) 

B Scolopendra calcarata (Thailand, CUMZ 00418) C Scolopendra japonica (Colour morph 2: Laos, CUMZ 00298).  DOI:  10.3897/zookeys.590.7950

Abstract

The centipede genus Scolopendra in mainland Southeast Asia is reviewed taxonomically based on morphological characters, informed by a molecular phylogenetic analysis using sequences from three mitochondrial and nuclear genes (COI, 16S rRNA and 28S rRNA). Eight nominal species of Scolopendra, namely S. morsitans Linnaeus, 1758, S. subspinipes Leach, 1816, S. dehaani Brandt, 1840, S. multidens Newport, 1844, S. calcarata Porat, 1876, S. japonica Koch, 1878, S. pinguis Pocock, 1891, and S. dawydoffi Kronmüller, 2012, are redescribed together with some revision of type materials. Geographical variation in each species has been compiled with reference to samples that span their distribution ranges in Southeast Asia and some parts of neighbouring areas such as East Asia, the Indian Ocean, and Africa. Comparative study of traditional taxonomic characters from external morphology provides further information to distinguish some closely related species. Scolopendra cataracta Siriwut, Edgecombe & Panha, sp. n., is described from the southern part of Laos, with additional records in Thailand and Vietnam. The phylogenetic framework for Southeast Asian Scolopendra recognizes S. calcarata + S. pinguis, S. morsitans, and a S. subspinipes group that unites the other six species as the main clades. Within the S. subspinipes group, two monophyletic groups can be distinguished by having either slender or short, thick ultimate leg prefemora and different numbers of apical spines on the coxopleuron. Scolopendra arborea Lewis, 1982, is placed in subjective synonymy with S. dehaani. A survey of external morphology of the genital segments confirms its potential for improving species identification in Scolopendra. Some observations on biology and behaviour are recorded based on field surveys in this area.

Keywords: Chilopoda, Scolopendra, systematics, distribution, phylogeny, species diversity

Scolopendra cataracta Siriwut, Edgecombe & Panha, sp. n.

http://zoobank.org/0956CB47-120F-4D98-BEA4-1FBD63713281

Type locality: Tad E-tu Waterfall, Bolaven Plateau, Pakse, Champasak, Laos (15°13'10.6"N, 105°55'31.3"E) (Fig. 54B).

Etymology: From “cataract”, meaning waterfall, for the type locality at Tad E-tu Waterfall.

Diagnosis: 18–19 antennal articles, 6 basal articles glabrous dorsally. Cephalic plate punctate. 5–6 teeth on tooth-plate. Tergites 7(14)-20 with paramedian sutures, all incomplete, present only on anterior and posterior parts. Tergite of ultimate leg-bearing segment without depression or suture. Paramedian sutures confined to anterior 15–20% of sternites. Coxopleural process with 1–3 apical+subapical spines, 0–1 dorsal spine, without lateral spine. Ultimate leg prefemora with 1–2 VL, 1–2 M, 0–2 DM and prefemoral process with 1–3 spines. Tarsal spur on legs 1–19(20).

Remarks: The paratype collected in Thailand in 2001 (NHMUK 010305528) was observed to display apparent amphibious habits. The following account is based on observations by G. Beccaloni (pers. comm., Jan. 2016). The centipede was initially observed under a rock slab beside a stream ca. 1.5 m wide and 20 cm deep. It escaped into the stream and concealed itself under a rock. After extraction from the stream it was placed in a glass container of water, in which it swam powerfully on the bottom of the container with vigorous horizontal undulating motions.

Distribution: All localities are in mainland territory. The currently known distribution (Fig. 29) is as follows: Southeast Asia: Laos (Champasak and Luang Namtha), Thailand (Surat Thani) and Vietnam (Bac Kan and Dac-To).

Figure 19. Colouration changes and patterns during developmental stages of Scolopendra dehaani:
  A Juvenile stage B Sub-adult stage C Adult stage (specimen from northern Thailand).  

Figure 20. Brooding and feeding behaviours: A Scolopendra dehaani exhibiting simple coiling with cluster of embryonic stadia (photograph by Natdanai Likhitrakarn) B Scolopendra morsitans exhibiting double coiling with post-embryonic stadia C–D Scolopendra dehaani preying on snail-eating snake Pareas carinatus D Flexibility of trunk segments during predation.

Warut Siriwut, Gregory D. Edgecombe, Chirasak Sutcharit, Piyoros Tongkerd and Somsak Panha. 2016. A Taxonomic Review of the Centipede Genus Scolopendra Linnaeus, 1758 (Scolopendromorpha, Scolopendridae) in mainland Southeast Asia, with Description of A New Species from Laos. ZooKeys.  590: 1-124. DOI:  10.3897/zookeys.590.7950

'Horrific' First Amphibious Centipede Discovered
  http://on.natgeo.com/290bO1n via @NatGeo

[Ichthyology • 2016] Caecieleotris morrisi • A New Genus and Species of Blind Sleeper (Teleostei: Eleotridae) from Oaxaca, Mexico: First Obligate Cave Gobiiform in the Western Hemisphere

Oaxaca Cave Sleeper | Caecieleotris morrisi

 Walsh & Chakrabarty, 2016

    DOI: 10.1643/CI-15-275 

Caecieleotris morrisi, new genus and species of sleeper (family Eleotridae), is described from a submerged freshwater cave in a karst region of the northern portion of the State of Oaxaca, Mexico, Río Papaloapan drainage, Gulf of Mexico basin. The new species represents the first cave-adapted sleeper known from the Western Hemisphere and is one of only 13 stygobitic gobiiforms known worldwide, with all others limited in distribution to the Indo-Pacific region. The new taxon represents a third independent evolution of a hypogean lifestyle in sleepers, the others being two species of Oxyeleotris (O. caeca and O. colasi) from New Guinea and a single species, Bostrychus microphthalmus, from Sulawesi. Caecieleotris morrisi, new species, is distinguished from epigean eleotrids of the Western Atlantic in lacking functional eyes and body pigmentation, as well as having other troglomorphic features. It shares convergent aspects of morphology with cave-dwelling species of Oxyeleotris and B. microphthalmus but differs from those taxa in lacking cephalic pores and head squamation, among other characters. Description of C. morrisi, new species, brings the total number of eleotrid species known from Mexico to 12. Seven of these, including the new species, occur on the Atlantic Slope.

A laboratory preparation of a Oaxaca Cave Sleeper Caecieleotris morrisi specimen shows the absence of eyes in this newly identified cavefish species. 

photo: Stephen J. Walsh, USGS  usgs.gov 

Stephen J. Walsh and Prosanta Chakrabarty. 2016. A New Genus and Species of Blind Sleeper (Teleostei: Eleotridae) from Oaxaca, Mexico: First Obligate Cave Gobiiform in the Western Hemisphere. Copeia. 104(2); 506-517.   DOI: 10.1643/CI-15-275

 ResearchGate.net/publication/303981113_A_New_Genus_and_Species_of_Blind_Sleeper_Teleostei_Eleotridae_from_Oaxaca_Mexico_First_Obligate_Cave_Gobiiform_in_the_Western_Hemisphere

Cavefish from Mexico Identified as First of its Kind in Western Hemisphere  https://www.usgs.gov/news/cavefish-mexico-identified-first-its-kind-western-hemisphere

Caecieleotris morrisi, género y especie nuevos de dormilón (familia Eleotridae), se describe de una cueva sumergida de agua dulce en una región kárstica del Estado de Oaxaca, México, cuenca del río Papaloapan, vertiente del Golfo de México. La nueva especie representa el primer eleótrido cavernícola del Hemisferio Occidental y es uno de los pocos gobiiform estigobiontes (sólo 13) conocidos mundialmente, todos los demás de distribución limitada a la región del Indo-Pacífico. El nuevo taxón representa la tercera evolución independiente del modo de vida hipógeo en los dormilones; los otros son dos especies de Oxyeleotris (O. caeca y O. colasi) de Nueva Guinea y una sola especie, Bostrychus microphthalmus, de las islas Célebes (Sulawesi). Caecieleotris morrisi se distingue de los eleótridos epígeos del Atlántico occidental por la ausencia de ojos funcionales y de pigmentación en el cuerpo, así como por otras características troglomórficas. Comparte aspectos morfológicos convergentes con especies cavernícolas de Oxyeleotris y B. microphthalmus, pero difiere de éstas por la falta de poros cefálicos y escamación en la cabeza, entre otros caracteres. La descripción de C. morrisi lleva el número total de eleótridos conocidos de México a doce. Siete de estos, incluyendo la nueva especie, ocurre en drenajes del Atlántico.

twitter.com/UnderWaterWorId/status/747101526133465089

 facebook.com/israquarium/photos/1101844129882185

[Herpetology • 2016] Brachymeles dalawangdaliri • Additions to Philippine Slender Skinks of the Brachymeles bonitae Complex (Squamata: Scincidae) III: A New Species from Tablas Island

Tablas Slender Skink |  Brachymeles dalawangdaliri  

 Davis, Geheber, Watters, Penrod, Feller, Ashford, Kouri, Nguyen, Shauberger, Sheatsley, Winfrey, Wong, Sanguila, Brown & Siler, 2016.  

 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4132.1.3  

Abstract

Studies of the diversity of Philippine amphibians and reptiles have resulted in the continued description of cryptic species. Species formerly thought to range across multiple recognized faunal regions are now considered to be assemblages of multiple unique species, each restricted to a single faunal region. This pattern continues to hold true when considering Philippine skinks of the genus Brachymeles. Recent studies have resulted in the description of numerous unique species with many exhibiting various degrees of digit loss or limb reduction, as well as suggesting that unique lineages are still present in the B. bonitae Complex. In this paper, we describe a new species of fossorial skink within this species complex from Tablas Island based on collections made nearly 50 years ago. Although no genetic data are available for the new species, examinations of morphological data (qualitative traits, meristic counts, and mensural measurements) support its distinction from all other members of the genus. Brachymeles dalawangdaliri sp. nov. is differentiated from other members of the genus based on a suite of unique phenotypic characteristics, including a small body size (SVL 66.0–80.9 mm), bidactyl fore-limbs, digitless, unidactyl, or bidactyl hind limbs, a high number of presacral vertebrae (49), the absence of auricular openings, and distinct dorsal head scale patterns. The description of the new species increases the diversity of endemic vertebrates recognized to occur in the Romblon Island Group in the central Philippines.

Keywords: Reptilia, biodiversity, endemism, faunal region, fossoriality, limb reduction, non-pentadactyl, pentadactyl, Romblon Island Group

Taxonomic account

Brachymeles dalawangdaliri sp. nov.

Brachymeles bonitae Duméril & Bibron 1839; Taylor 1917; Brown 1956:5; Brown & Rabor 1967:526; Brown & Alcala 1970; Brown & Alcala 1980:20; Davis et al. 2014; Geheber et al. 2016; Siler et al. 2016. 

Diagnosis. Following recent taxonomic revisions of Brachymeles (Siler et al. 2011; Davis et al. 2014) the new species is assigned to the B. bonitae Complex based on the following suite of morphological characters: (1) limbs present, (2) non-pentadactyl, (3) fore-limbs with 0–3 fingers. (4) hind limbs with 0–2 toes, (5) paravertebral scale rows ≥ 91, (6) presacral vertebrae 47–53, (7) supraoculars four, (8) enlarged, differentiated nuchals present, (9) longitudinal rows of dark spots around the body absent, and (10) auricular opening absent.

Brachymeles dalawangdaliri sp. nov. can be distinguished from congeners by the following combination of characters: (1) body size small (SVL 66.0–80.9 mm), (2) fore-limbs bidactyl, (3) hind limbs digitless, unidactyl, or bidactyl, (4) limb length short, (5) supralabials six or seven, (6) infralabials six or seven, (7) supraciliaries five, (8) supraoculars four, (9) midbody scale rows 24 or 25, (10) axilla–groin scale rows 80–83, (11) paravertebral scale rows 97–101, (12) prefrontal contact absent, (13) frontoparietal contact present or absent, (14) enlarged chin shields in two pairs, (15) nuchals enlarged, (16) auricular opening absent, (17) presacral vertebrae 49, and (18) uniform body color (Tables 1, 2).

Etymology. The name of the new species presented in this paper is derived from the Tagalog (Filipino) terms ‘dalawa,’ meaning two, and ‘daliri,’ meaning finger, referencing one of the defining characteristics of the new species, the two digits on the fore-limbs. Suggested common name: Tablas Slender Skink.

Distribution. Brachymeles dalawangdaliri sp. nov. is known only from Tablas Island, Romblon Island Group, Philippines (Fig. 1).

 Drew R. Davis, Aaron D. Geheber, Jessa L. Watters, Michelle L. Penrod, Kathryn D. Feller, Alissa Ashford, Josh Kouri, Daniel Nguyen, Kathryn Shauberger, Kyra Sheatsley, Claire Winfrey, Rachel Wong, Marites B. Sanguila, Rafe M. Brown and Cameron D. Siler. 2016.
 Additions to Philippine Slender Skinks of the Brachymeles bonitae Complex (Reptilia: Squamata: Scincidae) III: A New Species from Tablas Island.
Zootaxa. 4132(1); 30-43.  DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4132.1.3

[Herpetology • 2016] Brachymeles ilocandia • Additions to Philippine Slender Skinks of the Brachymeles bonitae Complex (Squamata: Scincidae) II: A New Species from the northern Philippines

Ilokano Slender Skink |  Brachymeles ilocandia 

Siler, Davis, Freitas, Huron, Geheber, Watters, Penrod, Papeș, Amrein, Anwar, Cooper, Hein, Manning, Patel, Pinaroc, Diesmos, Diesmos, Oliveros & Brown. 2016.    DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4132.1.2 

Abstract

We describe a new digitless scincid lizard of the genus Brachymeles from northern Luzon and Camiguin Norte islands in the Philippines. This species belongs to the Brachymeles bonitae Complex, and both molecular and morphological data confirm that this species is distinct from all other congeners. Formerly considered to be a single widespread species, this group of species has been the focus of recent systematic reviews. Here we describe a new species in the B. bonitae Complex, recognized currently to constitute five species. Brachymeles ilocandia sp. nov. is the second digitless and the seventeenth non-pentadactyl species in genus. The description of this species brings the total number of species in the genus to 40, and provides new insight into unique distribution patterns of species of the northern Philippines.

Keywords: Reptilia, Babuyan Island Group, biodiversity, ecological niche modeling, endemism, faunal region, fossorial, Luzon Island, non-pentadactyl, pentadactyl

Brachymeles ilocandia sp. nov.

Brachymeles bonitae Duméril & Bibron 1839; Taylor 1917; Brown 1956:5; Brown & Rabor 1967:526; Brown & Alcala 1970; Brown & Alcala 1980:20; Davis et al. 2014; Geheber et al. 2016.

Diagnosis. Following recent taxonomic revisions of Brachymeles (Siler et al. 2011; Davis et al. 2014; Geheber et al. 2016) the new species is assigned to the B. bonitae Complex based on the following suite of morphological characters: (1) limbs present, (2) non-pentadactyl, (3) fore-limbs with 0–3 fingers, (4) hind limbs with 0–2 toes, (5) paravertebral scale rows ≥ 91, (6) presacral vertebrae 47–53, (7) supraoculars four, (8) enlarged, differentiated nuchals present, (9) longitudinal rows of dark spots around the body absent, and (10) auricular opening absent.

Brachymeles ilocandia sp. nov. can be distinguished from congeners by the following combination of characters: (1) body size small (SVL 65.7–77.6 mm), (2) limbs digitless, (3) limb length short, (4) supralabials six, (5) infralabials five or six, (6) supraciliaries five, (7) supraoculars four, (8) midbody scale rows 22–24, (9) axilla–groin scale rows 80–82, (10) paravertebral scale rows 97–100, (11) mental/first infralabial fusion present or absent, (12) prefrontal contact absent or in point contact, (13) frontoparietal contact present, (14) enlarged chin shields in three pairs, (15) nuchals enlarged, (16) auricular opening absent, (17) presacral vertebrae 50–53, and (18) uniform body color (Tables 1, 2).

Distribution, ecology and natural history. Brachymeles ilocandia sp. nov. is known only from northern Luzon and Camiguin Norte islands (Fig. 1A). The new species likely once occurred in low- to mid-elevation primary forest habitats; however, all recent observations of this species have occurred in secondary growth forest habitats. In contrast to the other members of the B. bonitae Complex, this species appears to be quite common in secondary growth forest fragments throughout the northern Philippines.  Brachymeles ilocandia sp. nov. is found in parts of its distribution with B. bicolor, B. kadwa, and B. boulengeri. Other species of Brachymeles known to occur in the Luzon PAIC include B. bicolandia, B. bonitae, B. brevidactylus, B. cobos, B. elerae, B. isangdaliri, B. kadwa, B. lukbani, B. makusog, B. minimus, B. muntingkamay, and B. wrighti (Davis et al. 2014). 

We have evaluated this species against the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) criteria for classification and find that it does not qualify for Critically Endangered, Endangered, Vulnerable, or Near Threatened status. Not only does B. ilocandia sp. nov. occur on more than one island, but also the species appears common in secondary growth and disturbed habitats throughout its recognized distribution. Therefore, we recommend that this species be classified as Least Concern, LC (IUCN 2015).

Etymology. The specific epithet is chosen in reference to the biogeographically and culturally distinct homeland, “Ilocandia”, of the Ilokano people of the northern Philippines, the third largest ethnolinguistic group in the country. Including the Babuyan Island Group north of Luzon Island, Ilocandia stretches from the western coast of northern Luzon, across the Cagayan Valley, to parts of central Luzon and the boundaries of Aurora Province in the east. The region is home to many endemic vertebrates, diverse geographic landscape, unique local cuisine, and rich cultural traditions. Suggested common name: Ilokano Slender Skink.

Cameron D. Siler, Drew R. Davis, Elyse S. Freitas, Nicholas A. Huron, Aaron D. Geheber, Jessa L. Watters, Michelle L. Penrod, Monica Papeș, Andrew Amrein, Alyssa Anwar, Dontae Cooper, Tucker Hein, Annalisa Manning, Neeral Patel, Lauren Pinaroc, Arvin C. Diesmos, Mae L. Diesmos, Carl H. Oliveros, and Rafe M. Brown. 2016.
Additions to Philippine Slender Skinks of the Brachymeles bonitae Complex (Reptilia: Squamata: Scincidae) II: A New Species from the northern Philippines.
Zootaxa. 4132(1); DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4132.1.2

[Herpetology • 2016] Eremias isfahanica • A New Species of the Genus Eremias Fitzinger, 1834 (Squamata: Lacertidae) from Central Iran, supported by mtDNA Sequences and Morphology

 Eremias isfahanica 

Rastegar-Pouyani, Hosseinian, Rafiee, Rajabizadeh, Kami & Wink, 2016
  DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4132.2.2 

Abstract

A new species of the lacertid genus Eremias Fitzinger, 1834 is described from northwest of Isfahan province, Central Iran. Two mitochondrial genes (cyt b and 12S DNA) were sequenced and analyzed as reliable molecular markers for the separation of this newly discovered species from closely related species within the genus Eremias: E. velox, E. persica, E. papenfussi, E. lalezharica, E. montana, E. strauchi, E. kopetdaghica and E. suphani. Genetic distances (K2-p) between any of these species with the newly described species are relatively high (27.5–32.8% for cyt b and 5.2–10.4% for 12S DNA). Phylogenetic analyses (MP, ML and BI) generated trees with very similar topologies. According to molecular and morphological data, Eremias isfahanica sp. nov. belongs to the subgenus Aspidorhinus, and is closely related to E. papenfussi. Because several new Eremias species have recently been described from the Iranian Plateau, we additionally provide an updated identification key.

Keywords: Reptilia, Lacertidae, mtDNA, Iranian Plateau, Eremias isfahanica sp. nov.

Eskandar Rastegar-Pouyani; Saeed Hosseinian; Soolmaz Rafiee, Mehdi Rajabizadeh, Haji Gholi Kami and Michael Wink. 2016.  A New Species of the Genus Eremias Fitzinger, 1834 (Squamata: Lacertidae) from Central Iran, supported by mtDNA Sequences and Morphology. Zootaxa. 4132(2); DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4132.2.2

[Ornithology / Evolution • 2016] The Evolution of Mimicry of Friarbirds by Orioles (Aves: Passeriformes) in Australo-Pacific Archipelagos

Figure 1. Distribution of coexisting friarbirds  (Philemon) and brown orioles (Oriolus) with the phylogeny of brown orioles oriented to match the phylogeny of friarbirds (see also electronic supplementary material, figures S3–S5 for additional phylogenetic information). Species names are coloured according to island distributions. To the right of taxon names are indicated distributions (Au, Australia; NG , New Guinea) followed by a number which indicates coexistence. For example, Philemon brassi (NG, 1) occurs in New Guinea and is sympatric with Oriolus szalayi (NG, 1,5,6,9).

Timescales (in million years) are indicated below the phylogenies.

Illustrations from Handbook of the Birds of the World [del Hoyo. et. al, 2008]. Asterisks at nodes indicate posterior probabilities of 0.99–1.00.    DOI:  10.1098/rspb.2016.0409 

Abstract

Observations by Alfred Wallace and Jared Diamond of plumage similarities between co-occurring orioles (Oriolus) and friarbirds (Philemon) in the Malay archipelago led them to conclude that the former represent visual mimics of the latter. Here, we use molecular phylogenies and plumage reflectance measurements to test several key predictions of the mimicry hypothesis. We show that friarbirds originated before brown orioles, that the two groups did not co-speciate, although there is one plausible instance of co-speciation among species on the neighbouring Moluccan islands of Buru and Seram. Furthermore, we show that greater size disparity between model and mimic and a longer history of co-occurrence have resulted in a stronger plumage similarity (mimicry). This suggests that resemblance between orioles and friarbirds represents mimicry and that colonization of islands by brown orioles has been facilitated by their ability to mimic the aggressive friarbirds.

 Keywords: Australo-Papua, coexistence, community assembly, competition, island biogeography, molecular phylogeny

Conclusion:

We present a detailed analysis of a classic example of visual mimicry in birds in Australo-Papua and the surroundingarchipelagos, using nearly complete dated molecular sub-species-level phylogenies, and drawing on several lines ofevidence to determine how brown orioles (the mimics) evolvedin relation to friarbirds (the model). Consistent with the mimicry hypothesis, our analyses show that friarbirds evolved before brown orioles and that they speciated and dispersed largely independently of each  other  in  Australo-Papua  and the surrounding archipelagos. In the depauperate island environments, improved mimicry probably facilitated the persistence of brown orioles. Our data also show that orioles tend to bettermatch the colour of sympatric friarbirds than allopatric friarbirds. Finally, a longer history of co-occurrence and a larger size difference between model and mimic lead to better mimicry, ultimately allowing for the existence of both friarbirds and orioles on Wallacean islands. 

Knud Andreas Jønsson, Kaspar Delhey, George Sangster, Per G. P. Ericson and Martin Irestedt. 2016. The Evolution of Mimicry of Friarbirds by Orioles (Aves: Passeriformes) in Australo-Pacific Archipelagos.  Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 283:20160409. DOI:  10.1098/rspb.2016.0409

ResearchGate.net/publication/304246532_The_evolution_of_mimicry_of_friarbirds_by_orioles_Aves_Passeriformes_in_Australo-Pacific_archipelagos

[Ornithology • 2016] Phenotypic and Genetic Analysis support Distinct Species Status of the Red-backed Woodpecker (Lesser Sri Lanka Flameback: Dinopium psarodes) of Sri Lanka

FIGURE 2. Color variation of Dinopium flamebacks in Sri Lanka:
(A) crimson-red plumage (Dinopium psarodes) (image courtesy of V. Weeratunge), (B) reddish-orange form, (C) orange form,(D) orange-yellow form, (E) orange/reddish mantle, (F) golden-yellow plumage (Dinopium benghalense jaffnense) (image courtesy of V. Weeratunge), and
(G) variation of back color in Dinopium flamebacks in the national collection (image courtesy of the Department of National Museums, Sri Lanka).

Fernando, Irwin & Seneviratne. 2016.  DOI: 10.1642/AUK-15-233.1 

Abstract

Hybridization has challenged taxonomy, since hybridizing forms could be stable evolutionary entities or ephemeral forms that are blending together. The island of Sri Lanka has 2 subspecies of the flameback woodpecker D. benghalense: D. b. jaffnense in the north and D. b. psarodes in the south. Red plumage separates the endemic phenotype D. b. psarodes from other subspecies of D. benghalense. Despite these differences, intermediate phenotypes in north-central Sri Lanka discouraged the elevation of D. b. psarodes into a full species. The recent HBW and BirdLife International checklist, however, has elevated D. b. psarodes to a full species (D. psarodes), primarily based on its plumage. To objectively evaluate whether this taxonomic elevation is warranted, we examined the phenotypic and genetic affinities of D. psarodes within the D. benghalense cluster. In doing that we provide the first quantitative phenotypic and genetic analysis across a hybrid zone for an Old World woodpecker group. We sampled woodpeckers along a line transect across the island and measured body shape/size, plumage, and genetic variation in a mitochondrial gene (Cytb). Plumage color ranged from red in the south to yellow in the north, with varying proportions of orange in north-central Sri Lanka (an area of ~66 km). Morphology (body shape/ size) and plumage characters showed a clear separation. There are 2 mitochondrial haplotype groups, one in the north and one in the south. A mixture of north and south haplotypes were seen in north-central Sri Lanka. Width of the hybrid zone suggests that some form of selection limits the spread of hybrids into the range of parental forms. Morphological, plumage, and genetic traits are all indicative of limited hybridization in a narrow zone between the 2 taxa, supporting the treatment of D. psarodes as a distinct species. This study provides an illustrative example of extensive hybridization between stable taxonomic entities, discouraging the practice of merging hybridizing forms as single species.

 Keywords: Dinopium benghalense, island endemicity, flameback woodpeckers, hybridization, hybrid zone, speciation, Sri Lanka

 Saminda P. Fernando, Darren E. Irwin and Sampath S. Seneviratne. 2016. Phenotypic and Genetic Analysis support Distinct Species Status of the Red-backed Woodpecker (Lesser Sri Lanka Flameback: Dinopium psarodes) of Sri Lanka.
The Auk. 133(3); 497-511. DOI: 10.1642/AUK-15-233.1

ResearchGate.net/publication/304416655_Phenotypic_and_genetic_analysis_support_distinct_species_status_of_the_Red-backed_Woodpecker_Lesser_Sri_Lanka_Flameback_Dinopium_psarodes_of_Sri_Lanka

RESUMEN: La hibridación es desafiante para la taxonomía puesto que las formas que hibridan pueden ser entidades evolutivamente estables o formas efímeras que se están mezclando. La isla de Sri Lanka tiene dos subespecies de Dinopium benghalense; D. b. jaffnense en el norte y D. b. psarodes en el sur. El plumaje rojo separa el fenotipo endémico de D. b. psarodes del de otras subespecies de D. benghalense. A pesar de estas diferencias, la existencia de fenotipos intermedios en el centro-norte de Sri Lanka previno la elevación de D. b. psarodes al estatus de especie. Sin embargo, la lista más reciente del Handbook of Birds of the World y Birdlife International elevó a D. b. psarodes al rango de especie (D. psarodes) basándose principalmente en el plumaje. Para evaluar objetivamente si se justifica este cambio taxonómico, examinamos las afinidades genéticas y fenotípicas de D. psarodes en el grupo de D. benghalense. Al hacerlo, presentamos el primer análisis cuantitativo fenotípico y genético a través de una zona de hibridación de un carpintero del viejo mundo. Muestreamos carpinteros a lo largo de un transecto que atravesaba la isla y medimos el tamaño y la forma del cuerpo, el plumaje y la variación genética en un gen mitocondrial (Cytb). El color del plumaje varió de rojo en el sur a amarillo en el norte, con naranja en diferentes proporciones en el centro-norte de Sri Lanka (un área de ~66 km). Los caracteres morfológicos (tamaño y forma del cuerpo) y del plumaje mostraron una separación clara. Existen dos grupos de haplotipos mitocondriales, uno en el norte y otro en el sur. Se vio una mezcla de haplotipos del norte y del sur en el centro-norte de Sri Lanka. El ancho de la zona de hibridación sugiere que alguna forma de selección limita la dispersión de los híbridos hacia la zona de distribución de las formas parentales. Todos los rasgos morfológicos, genéticos y del plumaje indican que existe hibridación limitada entre los dos taxones en una zona estrecha, lo que apoya el estatus de especie de D. psarodes. Este estudio presenta un ejemplo ilustrativo de hibridación extensa entre entidades taxonómicas estables, lo que desaconseja la práctica de unir formas que hibridan en una sola especie.

Palabras clave: Dinopium benghalense, endémicos de islas, especiación, hibridación, Sri Lanka, zona híbrida

[Herpetology • 2016] Brachymeles ligtas • Additions to Philippine Slender Skinks of the Brachymeles bonitae Complex (Squamata: Scincidae) I: A New Species from Lubang Island

Lubang Slender Skink |  Brachymeles ligtas

  Geheber, Davis, Watters,  Penrod, Feller, Davey, Ellsworth, Flanagan, Heitz, Moore, Nguyen, Roberts, Sutton, Sanguila, Linkem, Brown & Siler, 2016

DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4132.1.1 

Abstract

A new species of slender skink is described from the Philippines. The species is endemic to Lubang Island, and is assigned to the Brachymeles bonitae Complex based on phenotypic and genetic data. Specimens were collected from Lubang Island between 1991 and 2012, and were examined based on morphological data (qualitative traits, meristic counts, and mensural measurements). Published genetic sequence data from phylogenetic studies of the genus reveal the new species to be highly divergent from congeners. Brachymeles ligtas sp. nov. is differentiated from other members of the genus based on a number of distinct morphological features, including small body size (SVL 60.7–79.6 mm), bidactyl fore-limbs, digitless hind limbs, high number of presacral vertebrae (50), and the absence of auricular openings. Additionally, the new species has diagnostic, distinct dorsal head scale patterns. This new species becomes the only member of the genus known to occur on the deep-ocean island of Lubang.

Keywords: Reptilia, biodiversity, endemism, fossorial, limb reduction, non-pentadactyl, pentadactyl, Philippines

FIGURE 3. Photograph of holotype in life of Brachymeles ligtas sp. nov. (PNM 9818). Note: Individual is about to shead, resulting in lighter scale coloration.

Photograph taken by Cameron D. Siler 

DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4132.1.1

Etymology. The specific epithet is derived from the Tagalog (Filipino) term "nakaligtas," meaning "survivor" and "ligtas," meaning "salvation." We name this species in honor of the people of Lubang Island who endured nearly three decades of violence and guerrilla warfare, from 1945 to 1974, led by the Imperial Japanese Army intelligence officer Hiroo Onoda, and four Japanese soldiers. After being driven into the jungle of Lubang Island by allied forces near the end of World War II, Onoda resisted surrender for 29 years believing the war was not yet over. Onoda would finally surrender in 1974, allowing the communities of Lubang to move on from the hardships faced during this time period, including the loss of over 30 lives and injuries to dozens more. Suggested common name: Lubang Slender Skink.

Distribution. Brachymeles ligtas sp. nov. is currently known only from Lubang Island (Fig. 1) and we expect it is found on several smaller nearby landmasses.

Natural history. Brachymeles ligtas sp. nov. likely once occurred in low- to mid-elevation primary forest habitats. As most primary forest on Lubang Island has been destroyed, the recent observations of this species have occurred in secondary growth forest habitats. In contrast to the other members of the B. bonitae Complex, this species appears to be relatively common in secondary growth forest fragments on the island. To date, no other congeners have been documented on Lubang Island. 

We have evaluated this species against the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) criteria for classification and find that it does not qualify for Critically Endangered, Endangered, Vulnerable, or Near Threatened status. Although B. ligtas sp. nov. is known from a single island only, the species appears relatively common in secondary growth forest on Lubang, and until additional data are presented to support otherwise, we classify this species as Least Concern (LC; IUCN 2015).

 Aaron D. Geheber, Drew R. Davis, Jessa L. Watters,  Michelle L. Penrod, Kathryn D. Feller, Conner S. Davey, Elyse D. Ellsworth, Rachel L. Flanagan, Brendan B Heitz, Tana Moore, Marie D.C. Nguyen, Austyn Roberts, John Sutton, Marites B. Sanguila, Charles W. Linkem, Rafe M. Brown and Cameron D. Siler. 2016. Additions to Philippine Slender Skinks of the Brachymeles bonitae Complex (Reptilia: Squamata: Scincidae) I: A New Species from Lubang Island. Zootaxa. 4132(1); 1-14. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4132.1.1