[Botany • 2019] Mitrephora chulabhorniana (Annonaceae) พรหมจุฬาภรณ์ • An Extraordinary New Species from A Karst Habitat of southern Thailand

Mitrephora chulabhorniana Damth., Aongyong & Chaowasku

in Damthongdee, Aongyong & Chaowasku, 2019. 

พรหมจุฬาภรณ์ || DOI: 10.1007/s12228-019-09573-0 

Photographs by Nakorn Chaowasku.
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Abstract

Mitrephora chulabhorniana, a remarkable new species with the smallest flowers in the genus, is described and illustrated. The new species, from a karst habitat of southern Thailand, morphologically most resembles M. andamanica, which is endemic to the Middle and North Andaman Islands, but differs primarily by having narrower leaves, shorter inner petals, and lower number of stamens and carpels per flower. The conservation status of M. chulabhorniana is assessed and a key to the species of Mitrephora in Thailand is given.

Keywords: Limestone, morphology, new species, Southeast Asia, taxonomy 

Flowers and fruit of Mitrephora chulabhorniana.
 A. Flower at female anthesis, viewed from below. B. Flower at early male anthesis, side view. C. Flower at late male anthesis, viewed from above, showing abaxial surface of sepals and outer petals. D. Flower at late male anthesis, side view, showing reflexed outer petals.

Photographs by Nakorn Chaowasku.

Mitrephora chulabhorniana Damth., Aongyong & Chaowasku, sp. nov. 

Etymology.— The epithet is to honor HRH Princess Chulabhorn, the youngest daughter of the late King Rama IX of Thailand. Princess Chulabhorn has a strong interest in science and has initiated the establishment of the “Chulabhorn Research Institute” principally to promote and conduct basic as well as applied scientific research of national importance for the improvement of mankind’s quality of life. One of her areas of expertise is the field of “natural products”, and the new species herein described might contain bioactive compounds (as evidenced by previous studies on other species of Mitrephora, e.g. Zgoda-Pols et al., 2002; Li et al., 2009; Mueller et al., 2009; Moharam et al., 2010; Rayanil et al., 2013), possibly leading to the discovery of new drugs.

    


    

     

Anissara Damthongdee, Kithisak Aongyong and Tanawat Chaowasku. 2019. Mitrephora chulabhorniana (Annonaceae), An Extraordinary New Species from southern Thailand. Brittonia. DOI: 10.1007/s12228-019-09573-0

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คณะวิทย์ มช. ค้นพบพืชชนิดใหม่ของโลก ได้รับพระราชทานนาม “พรหมจุฬาภรณ์”  
worldvarietynews.com/cmu-chulabhorniana/

การค้นพบพืชชนิดนี้ สืบเนื่องจากคณะนักวิจัย นำโดย อาจารย์ ดร.ธนวัฒน์ เชาวสกู สังกัดภาควิชาชีววิทยา คณะวิทยาศาสตร์ ร่วมด้วยนางสาวอานิสรา ดำทองดี นักศึกษาระดับบัณฑิตศึกษา สาขาวิชาความหลากหลายทางชีวภาพและชีววิทยาชาติพันธุ์ภาควิชาชีววิทยา คณะวิทยาศาสตร์ มหาวิทยาลัยเชียงใหม่ และนายกิติศักดิ์ อ๋องย่อง นักวิจัยอิสระ ได้ดำเนินโครงการวิจัยเรื่อง “อนุกรมวิธานและวิวัฒนาการชาติพันธุ์ของพรรณไม้วงศ์กระดังงา ในประเทศไทยที่หายากและยังไม่เป็นที่รู้จัก เพื่อการอนุรักษ์และการใช้ประโยชน์อย่างยั่งยืน” ซึ่งโครงการวิจัยนี้เป็นส่วนหนึ่งของการจัดทำหนังสือพรรณพฤกษชาติแห่งประเทศไทย และได้รับการสนับสนุนบางส่วนจาก สำนักงานคณะกรรมการส่งเสริมวิทยาศาสตร์ วิจัยและนวัตกรรม (สกสว.)

การวิจัยครั้งนี้ได้ค้นพบพืชชนิดใหม่ของโลก ในสกุล "มหาพรหม" จากป่าบนเขาหินปูนในจังหวัดนครศรีธรรมราช ซึ่งพืชชนิดนี้มีลักษณะเด่นคือ เป็นไม้ต้นขนาดเล็ก สูงไม่เกิน 2 เมตร มีดอกขนาดเล็กที่สุดในสกุล ขนาดเส้นผ่านศูนย์กลางไม่เกิน 1 เซนติเมตร สีขาวเด่น และเปลี่ยนเป็นสีครีมเมื่อดอกมีอายุมากขึ้น มีกลิ่นหอมปานกลางคล้ายกลิ่นดอกโมก กลีบดอกชั้นในประกบกันเป็นรูปโดม โคนกลีบคอด เผยให้เห็นช่องว่างระหว่างกลีบ ผลเมื่อสุกสีแดงอมส้ม

ด้วยสำนึกในพระกรุณาธิคุณ สมเด็จเจ้าฟ้าฯ กรมพระศรีสวางควัฒน วรขัตติยราชนารี ที่ทรงสนพระทัยการศึกษาวิจัยในสาขาวิทยาศาสตร์เคมี วิทยาศาสตร์ชีวภาพและการแพทย์ และวิทยาศาสตร์สิ่งแวดล้อม และเพื่อเป็นการเฉลิมพระเกียรติ เนื่องในโอกาสที่ทรงเจริญพระชนมายุครบ 5 รอบ มหาวิทยาลัยเชียงใหม่จึงได้กราบทูลขอพระราชทานนามไทย “พรหมจุฬาภรณ์” สำหรับพืชชนิดใหม่ของโลกชนิดนี้ และกราบทูลขอพระราชทานนามระบุชนิด “chulabhorniana” เพื่อเป็นชื่อวิทยาศาสตร์ว่า Mitrephora chulabhorniana Damth., Aongyong & Chaowasku

การค้นพบ "พรหมจุฬาภรณ์" ได้รับการตีพิมพ์ในวารสารวิชาการระดับนานาชาติ Brittonia เมื่อวันที่ 7 พฤษภาคม พ.ศ. 2562 เป็นพันธุ์ไม้ที่ใกล้สูญพันธุ์อย่างยิ่งยวด พบเพียงไม่กี่ต้น บริเวณป่าดิบแล้งบนเขาหินปูนขนาดเล็กในอำเภอสิชล จังหวัดนครศรีธรรมราช ซึ่งอยู่นอกเขตอนุรักษ์ของกรมอุทยานแห่งชาติ สัตว์ป่า และพันธุ์พืช ระบบนิเวศเขาหินปูนนั้นเป็นระบบนิเวศที่เปราะบาง และมักพบสิ่งมีชีวิตที่จำเพาะ กล่าวคือ ไม่พบที่อื่นใดอีก เมื่อถูกคุกคามมีโอกาสสูญพันธุ์สูง เขาหินปูนลูกที่พบต้นพรหมจุฬาภรณ์นี้มีโอกาสถูกคุกคามในอนาคตอันใกล้ เนื่องจากการขยายตัวของสวนยางพาราและสวนปาล์มน้ำมัน หรือแม้กระทั่งการระเบิดหินปูนเพื่อการใช้ประโยชน์ จึงสมควรอย่างยิ่งที่หน่วยงานรัฐที่เกี่ยวข้อง อีกทั้งประชาชนคนไทยทุกคนจะต้องช่วยกันอนุรักษ์

[Botany • 2018] Leoheo domatiophorus • Enlarging the Monotypic Monocarpieae (Annonaceae, Malmeoideae): Recognition of A Second Genus from Vietnam informed by Morphology and Molecular Phylogenetics

 Leoheo domatiophorus Chaowasku, D.T. Ngo & H.T. Le

in Chaowasku, Damthongdee, Jongsook, et al., 2018. 

Lèo Heo ||  DOI: 10.15553/c2018v732a11 

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Recent botanical expeditions in central Vietnam yielded an unknown species of Annonaceae that could not be confidently identified to subfamily, tribe, and genus. Preliminary BLAST® searches based on plastid data have suggested that this taxon is genetically closely-related to the following tribes of subfamily Malmeoideae: Malmeeae, Fenerivieae, Maasieae, Phoenicantheae, Dendrokingstonieae, Monocarpieae, and Miliuseae. Using representatives of Piptostigmateae, another tribe of Malmeoideae, as outgroups and including representatives of all other tribes of Malmeoideae, molecular phylogenetic analyses of seven combined plastid markers (rbcL, matK, ndhF, ycf1 exons; trnL intron; trnL-trnF, psbA-trnH intergenic spacers) inferred the enigmatic Vietnamese taxon as belonging to the monotypic tribe Monocarpieae. Detailed morphological comparisons between this taxon and its sister group, Monocarpia Miq., warranted the recognition of a second genus of Monocarpieae to accommodate our unknown taxon: Leoheo Chaowasku with a single species, Leoheo domatiophorus Chaowasku, D.T. Ngo & H.T. Le. The morphology of the new genus agrees well with the diagnostic traits of Monocarpieae, e.g., a percurrent tertiary venation of the leaves, a highly reduced number of carpels per flower, enlarged and lobed stigmas, multiple ovules/seeds per ovary/monocarp, considerably large monocarps with a hardened pericarp when dry, and spiniform ruminations of the endosperm. However, the new genus does not exhibit two characteristic features of Monocarpia: terminal inflorescences and generally distinct intramarginal leaf veins. In addition, the new genus possesses three autapomorphic characters: hairy domatia on the lower leaf surface, longitudinal ridges on the monocarp surface, and subsessile monocarps with a stout stipe. The tribe Monocarpieae is consequently enlarged to include the genus Leoheo. The enlarged Monocarpieae, along with the recently established monotypic tribe Phoenicantheae and two other related tribes, Dendrokingstonieae and Miliuseae, are discussed.

Keywords: ANNONACEAE, Monocarpieae, Leoheo, Vietnam, Molecular phylogeny, New genus, New species, Taxonomy

Fig. 5. – Reproductive organs of Leoheo domatiophorus Chaowasku, D.T. Ngo & H.T. Le:
A. Flower with petals and stamens removed; B. Flower with petals, stamens, and carpels removed, back view, showing outer side of sepals; C. Same as (B), but on another side, showing a volcano-shaped torus and inner side of sepals; D. Inner side of an outer petal; E. Outer side of an outer petal; F. Inner side of an inner petal; G. Outer side of an inner petal; H. Stamen, abaxial side; I. Stamen, adaxial side; J. Carpels, showing enlarged and irregularly lobed stigmas; K. Fruit, showing longitudinal ridges on monocarp surface; L. Seed, lateral view, showing a raphe; M. Seed, lateral view, showing a pitted and slightly rugose surface; N. Cross section of a seed, showing spiniform endosperm ruminations.

 [A–J: HUAF collectors 2009-03-19-ND, CMUB; K: Chaowasku 131, CMUB; L–N: Chaowasku 165, CMUB] 

[Drawing: A. Damthongdee]

Fig. 6. – Leoheo domatiophorus Chaowasku, D.T. Ngo & H.T. Le, showing habit with inflorescences and flowers. [HUAF collectors 2009-03-19-ND,CMUB] [Drawing: A. Damthongdee]

Taxonomy

 Leoheo Chaowasku, gen. nov. 

Typus: Leoheo domatiophorus Chaowasku, D.T. Ngo & H.T. Le. 

Etymology. – The generic epithet Leoheo is from the local Vietnamese name of “Lèo Heo” for this plant and is designated as a masculine noun of nominative singular in third declension with genitive singular “Leoheonis”.

 C–H: Leoheo domatiophorus Chaowasku, D.T. Ngo & H.T. Le; 
C. Leaf without intramarginal veins; D. Fruit, showing monocarps with longitudinal ridges; E. Flowering branches; F. Dissected flower and young fruit; G. Dissected flower, showing detached stamens and stigmas; H. Flower, showing enlarged and irregularly lobed stigmas.

[C–D: Chaowasku 131, CMUB; E–H: HUAF collectors 2009-03-19-ND, CMUB]

 [Photos: A: Arbainsyah; B: S. Gardner & P. Sidisunthorn; C–H: D.T. Ngo]

Leoheo domatiophorus Chaowasku, D.T. Ngo & H.T. Le. 

Leoheo domatiophorus Chaowasku, D.T. Ngo & H.T. Le, spec. nova 

 Holotypus: Vietnam. Prov. Thua Thien-Hue: Nam Đông Distr., ... (CMUB!; iso-: G!, P!). 

Leoheo domatiophorus Chaowasku, D.T. Ngo & H.T. Le differs from species of the genus Monocarpia Miq. by the lack of intramarginal leaf veins and by having axillary inflorescences, leaf domatia, longitudinal ridges on the monocarp surface, and subsessile monocarps with a stout stipe.

Etymology. – The specific epithet domatiophorus is a masculine adjective in first and second declensions, referring to “domatia” on the lower leaf surface.

  

Tanawat Chaowasku, Anissara Damthongdee, Hathaichanok Jongsook, Dung T. Ngo, Hung T. Le, Duc M. Tran and Somran Suddee. 2018.  Enlarging the Monotypic Monocarpieae (Annonaceae, Malmeoideae): Recognition of A Second Genus from Vietnam informed by Morphology and Molecular Phylogenetics. Candollea. 73(2);  261–275. DOI: 10.15553/c2018v732a11

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[Botany • 2018] Miliusa chantaburiana (Annonaceae) • A New Species from southeastern Thailand

Miliusa chantaburiana Damthongdee & Chaowasku

in Damthongdee & Chaowasku, 2018.

ระฆังจันท์  ||  DOI:  10.3372/wi.48.48208 

Abstract 

Miliusa chantaburiana Damthongdee & Chaowasku, a new species of Annonaceae from SE Thailand, is described and illustrated. It belongs to a clade with campanulate flowers and inner petals that are generally tightly appressed from the base to more or less the midpoint at anthesis. The new species is remarkable in possessing a strongly recurved apex of the inner petals at anthesis and can be principally differentiated from its morphologically closest species, M. pumila Chaowasku and M. filipes Ridl., both from Peninsular Thailand, by the higher number of stamens and carpels per flower and horseshoe-shaped stigmas. Miliusa chantaburiana is also unique in having a 6-base-pair insertion in the plastid matK sequence. A revised key to species in the campanulate-flowered clade in Thailand is given.

Keywords: Annonaceae, Chantaburi, matK, Miliusa, Miliuseae, new species, systematics, taxonomy, Thailand

Fig. 2. Leaf and flower of Miliusa chantaburiana –
A: abaxial (lower) leaf surface; B: adaxial (upper) leaf surface; C: flower, apical view showing stamens, carpels, inner petal discolouration and translucent window-like structures; D: flower, oblique view showing strongly recurved apical part of inner petals.

 – Scale bars: A = 2 cm; B = 10 cm; E = 1 mm; F = 0.5 mm. 

– A, B from cultivated material; C–F from Nakorn-Thiemchan NTC 29 (CMUB – spirit material).

Miliusa chantaburiana Damthongdee & Chaowasku, sp. nov.  

Holotype: Thailand, cultivated in Bangkok [sapling originally from Khiri Than Dam, Chantaburi Province], 7 Feb 2015 [in flower], Nakorn-Thiemchan NTC 29 (CMUB!; isotypes: B!, P!).

Diagnosis — Miliusa chantaburiana is morphologically close to M. pumila and M. filipes, both occurring in Peninsular Thailand (Chaowasku 2014). The new species differs mainly from M. pumila by having generally larger leaf blades ([9.2–] 12.2–18[–19.5] x [2.8–]3.3–6 cm vs 5.4–10.5 x 2–4.1 cm), generally longer pedicels ([11–] 14–22[–30] mm vs 5–11 mm), more stamens per flower (48–50 vs 38–39), and many more carpels per flower (49–71 vs 12–13). The new species primarily differs from M. filipes by possessing considerably more stamens (48–50 vs c. 22) and carpels (49–71 vs c. 16) per flower. In addition, M. chantaburiana exhibits horseshoe-shaped stigmas, whereas they are subglobose to ellipsoid(-obovoid) in M. pumila (Chaowasku 2014) and capitate in M. filipes.

....

Fig. 1. Holotype of Miliusa chantaburiana Damthongdee & Chaowasku, Nakorn-Thiemchan NTC 29 (CMUB).

Fig. 2. Leaf and flower of Miliusa chantaburiana – 

A: abaxial (lower) leaf surface; B: adaxial (upper) leaf surface; C: flower, apical view showing stamens, carpels, inner petal discolouration and translucent window-like structures; D: flower, oblique view showing strongly recurved apical part of inner petals; E: stamens attached to torus; F: carpel.

 – Scale bars: A = 2 cm; B = 10 cm; E = 1 mm; F = 0.5 mm. 

– A, B from cultivated material; C–F from Nakorn-Thiemchan NTC 29 (CMUB – spirit material).

Fig. 3. Flower, fruit and seed of Miliusa chantaburiana –
A: abaxial surface (outside) of an inner petal; B: adaxial surface (inside) of an inner petal; C: flower, basal view showing sepals and outer petals; D: fruit with five monocarps; E: flower with one inner petal pulled apart from others showing a mass of stamens and carpels; F: seed.

 – Scale bars: A, B, E, F = 5 mm; C = 3 mm; D = 2 cm.

 – A, B, E from Chaowasku 170 (CMUB – spirit material); C from Nakorn-Thiemchan NTC 29 (CMUB – spirit material); D from Chaowasku 171 (CMUB – spirit material); F from Nakorn-Thiemchan NTC 28 (CMUB – spirit material).

Distribution and ecology (at original locality) — Chantaburi Province, SE Thailand (Fig. 4); occurring in partially disturbed evergreen forests around a constructed dam; at an elevation of c. 205 m.

Conservation status — This species is known only from a very restricted area, i.e. around Khiri Than Dam of Chantaburi Province, SE Thailand (Fig. 4). Fewer than 10 individuals were observed in the area, some of which occur adjacent to the reservoir and could be submerged in the near future, and it is believed that many more individuals have been submerged during dam construction. Further, this species has never been reported to occur in nearby areas (e.g. Khao Khitchakut National Park, Khao Soidao Wildlife Sanctuary, Namtok Phliu National Park and Namtok Khlongkaew National Park) and no specimens have been collected prior to the present study. Based on this information, Miliusa chantaburiana is undoubtedly a rare species; however, we believe that more exploratory data, especially from Cambodia (which is merely c. 20 km away from the dam), are required prior to the assessment of the conservation status of this species. Therefore, it is considered here as Data Deficient (DD) (IUCN 2012).

Etymology — The epithet refers to Chantaburi, the SE Thai province where this species is endemic.

Anissara Damthongdee and Tanawat Chaowasku. 2018. Miliusa chantaburiana (Annonaceae), A New Species from SE Thailand. Willdenowia. 48(2); 293-301. DOI:  10.3372/wi.48.48208

 Researchgate.net/publication/327218386_Miliusa_chantaburiana_a_new_species_from_Thailand

    

    

[Botany • 2018] A New Annonaceae Genus, Wuodendron, Provides Support for A post-Boreotropical Origin of the Asian-Neotropical Disjunction in the tribe Miliuseae

Wuodendron  B.Xue, Y.H.Tan & Chaowasku 
Wuodendron praecox  (Hook.f. & Thomson) B.Xue, Y.H.Tan & X.L.Hou

in Xue, Tan, Thomas, Chaowasku, Hou & Saunders, 2018. 

DOI: 10.12705/672.2 

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Abstract

Recent molecular and morphological studies have clarified generic circumscriptions in Annonaceae tribe Miliuseae and resulted in the segregation of disparate elements from the previously highly polyphyletic genus Polyalthia s.l. Several names in Polyalthia nevertheless remain unresolved, awaiting assignment to specific genera, including Polyalthia litseifolia. Phylogenetic analyses of seven chloroplast regions (atpB-rbcL, matK, ndhF, psbA-trnH, rbcL, trnL-F, ycf1; ca. 8.3 kb, 116 accessions, including representatives of all currently accepted genera in subfamily Malmeoideae) unambiguously placed Polyalthia litseifolia in a clade with three accessions from Thailand, which have previously been shown to represent an undescribed genus sister to the Neotropical clade (Desmopsis, Sapranthus, Stenanona, Tridimeris) in the predominantly Asian tribe Miliuseae. The collective clade is sister to Meiogyne. Polyalthia litseifolia shares several diagnostic characters with most species in the Neotropical genera and Meiogyne, including: petals that are similar in shape and size in both whorls; multiple ovules per ovary in one or two rows; and lamelliform endosperm ruminations. It is distinct in being deciduous, bearing subpetiolar buds and having inflorescences growing from the leaf scar of the dropped leaves. Morphological comparisons and phylogenetic analyses corroborate its recognition as a new genus, which is formally described and illustrated here as Wuodendron. Polyalthia litseifolia is furthermore found to be conspecific with Desmos praecox, and the latter name is used as the basis for the name of the type. Molecular divergence time estimates under an uncorrelated lognormal relaxed clock place the Wuodendron-Neotropical clade split within the Miocene (ca. 14–12 Ma), highlighting the importance of post-boreotropical dispersal and vicariance in shaping intercontinental tropical disjunctions in Annonaceae. 

Keywords: Annonaceae; deciduous; Desmos praecox; intercontinental tropical disjunction; new genus; Polyalthia litseifolia

....

Fig. 3. Morphology of Wuodendron praecox comb. nov. (= Polyalthia litseifolia).
A, Trunk, showing grayish bark with lenticels; B, Young leaves; C, Close-up of the adaxial surface of fresh leaf, showing glands; D, Close-up of the adaxial surface of dried leaf, showing glands; E, Subpetiolar bud; F, Swollen base of the petiole that encloses the bud; G, Inflorescence and new leaf growing from the axil of the dropped leaf; H, Dissected flower, showing three sepals, three outer petals, three inner petals and the pedicel (Y.H. Tan 12258, HITBC); I, Young fruit, showing the infructescence and the branchlet growing from the same axil (Nakorn-Thiemchan NTC23, CMUB); J, Mature fruit; K, Monocarps, showing slight constrictions between seeds, and multiple seeds in one row in one monocarp (Y.H. Tan 10946, HITBC); L, Cylindrical seeds, showing the distinct circumferential groove; and the longitudinal section of the seed, showing lamelliform endosperm rumination (Y.H. Tan 10946, HITBC).

TAXONOMY 

Following detailed examination of protologues and specimens, we did not find any evidence to uphold both the poorly known Desmos praecox and Polyalthia litseifolia as distinct species. The basionym Unona praecox antedates P. litseifolia and hence its specific epithet has priority.

Wuodendron B.Xue, Y.H.Tan & Chaowasku, gen. nov.

– Type: W. praecox (Hook.f. & Thomson) B.Xue, Y.H.Tan & X.L.Hou 

(≡ Unona praecox Hook.f. & Thomson).

Diagnosis. – Wuodendron resembles the closely related genera Desmopsis, Meiogyne, Sapranthus, Stenanona and Tridimeris, with which it shares petals that are more or less similar in shape and size in both whorls and the multi-ovuled ovaries; Wuodendron differs, however, in having subpetiolar buds and inflorescences growing from the axils of the circular leaf scars where old leaves have fallen.

Distribution. – A single species, known from China, India, Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam; as well as in Cambodia and Laos (Hong Wang, pers. comm.).

Etymology. – Named after Wu Zhengyi (= C.Y. Wu, of the Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences), who proposed the name of Polyalthia litseifolia, in honor of his great contribution to plant taxonomy.

Wuodendron praecox (Hook.f. & Thomson) B.Xue, Y.H.Tan & X.L.Hou, comb. nov.

≡ Unona praecox Hook.f. & Thomson, Fl. Ind. 1: 136. 1855 ≡ Desmos praecox (Hook.f. & Thomson) Saff. in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 1912: 39. 1912 – Lectotype (designated by Turner in Nordic J. Bot. 33: 265. 2015): INDIA. Assam: Mikir Hills, Feb, C.J. Simons 156 (K barcode K000190045, digital image!).

= Polyalthia litseifolia C.Y.Wu ex P.T.Li in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 14: 110. 1976 – Holotype: CHINA. Yunnan: Jinghong, elevation 1100 m, 24 Apr 1957, Sino-Russia Exped. 9488 (KUN barcode 0046659!; isotype: PE barcode 00934528!). Chinese name. – mu jiang ye zheng yi mu (木姜叶征镒木). Description. – Large trees 15–40 m tall, ca. 30–40(–80)

  

    

  

 Bine Xue, Yun-Hong Tan, Daniel C. Thomas, Tanawat Chaowasku, Xue-Liang Hou and Richard M.K. Saunders. 2018. A New Annonaceae Genus, Wuodendron, Provides Support for A post-Boreotropical Origin of the Asian-Neotropical Disjunction in the tribe Miliuseae.  TAXON. 67(2); 250–266. DOI: 10.12705/672.2

Researchgate.net/publication/325048085_A_new_Annonaceae_genus_Wuodendron_provides_support_for_a_post-boreotropical_origin_of_the_Asian-Neotropical_disjunction_in_the_tribe_Miliuseae

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