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Metarhizium megapomponiae, M. niveum & M. ovoidosporum Luangsa-ard, Khonsanit, Thanakitpipattana & Samson Purpureomyces khaoyaiensis (Hywel-Jones) Luangsa-ard, Samson & Thanakitpipattana P. pyriformis Luangsa-ard, Noisripoom, Himaman, Mongkolsamrit, Thanakitpipattana & Samson in Mongkolsamrit, Khonsanit, Thanakitpipattana, ... et Luangsa-ard, 2020. |
Abstract
Over the last two decades the molecular phylogeny and classification of Metarhizium has been widely studied. Despite these efforts to understand this enigmatic genus, the basal lineages in Metarhizium are still poorly resolved. In this study, a phylogenetic framework is reconstructed for the Clavicipitaceae focusing on Metarhizium through increased taxon-sampling using five genomic loci (SSU, LSU, tef, rpb1, rpb2) and the barcode marker ITS rDNA. Multi-gene phylogenetic analyses and morphological characterisation of green-spored entomopathogenic Metarhizium isolates from Thailand and soil isolates of M. carneum and M. marquandii reveal their ecological, genetic and species diversity. Nineteen new species are recognised in the Metarhizium clade with narrow host ranges: two new species are found in the M. anisopliae complex – M. clavatum on Coleoptera larvae and M. sulphureum on Lepidoptera larvae; four new species are found in the M. flavoviride complex – M. biotecense and M. fusoideum on brown plant hoppers (Hemiptera), M. culicidarum on mosquitoes, M. nornnoi on Lepidoptera larvae; three new species M. megapomponiae, M. cicadae, M. niveum occur on cicadas; five new species M. candelabrum, M. cercopidarum, M. ellipsoideum, M. huainamdangense M. ovoidosporum occur on planthoppers, leafhoppers and froghoppers (Hemiptera); one new species M. eburneum on Lepidoptera pupae; and four new species M. phuwiangense, M. purpureum, M. purpureonigrum, M. flavum on Coleoptera. Of these 19 new species, seven produce a sexual morph (M. clavatum, M. eburneum, M. flavum, M. phuwiangense, M. purpureonigrum, M. purpureum, and M. sulphureum) and asexual morphs are found in the remaining new species and also in M. sulphureum, M. purpureonigrum and M. purpureum. Metarhizium blattodeae, M. koreanum and M. viridulum are new records for Thailand. An alternative neotype for Metarhizium anisopliae is proposed based on multi-gene and 5′tef analyses showing that CBS 130.71 from Ukraine is more suitable, being from a much closer geographical location to Metchnikoff’s Metarhizium anisopliae. This isolate is distinct from the neotype of Metarhizium anisopliae var. anisopliae proposed by M. Tulloch from Ethiopia (ARSEF 7487). Six new genera are established for monophyletic clades subtending the core Metarhizium clade, including Keithomyces, Marquandomyces, Papiliomyces, Purpureomyces, Sungia, and Yosiokobayasia. Metarhizium carneum, M. aciculare, and M. neogunnii are combined in Keithomyces and one new combination for M. marquandii in Marquandomyces is proposed. Purpureomyces is introduced for species producing purple stromata including a new combination for M. khaoyaiense and two new species P. maesotensis and P. pyriformis. Papiliomyces contains two new combinations for M. liangshanense and Metacordyceps shibinensis. The genus Sungia is proposed for the Korean species M. yongmunense on Lepidoptera pupa and Yosiokobayasia for the Japanese species M. kusanagiense also on Lepidoptera pupa. A synoptic and dichotomous key to the accepted taxa is provided together with tables listing distinguishing morphological characters between species, host preferences, and geography.
Key words: Biological control, Clavicipitaceae, Entomopathogenic fungi
Taxonomic novelties: New genera
Keithomyces Samson, Luangsa-ard & Houbraken
Marquandomyces Samson, Houbraken & Luangsa-ard
Papiliomyces Luangsa-ard, Samson & Thanakitpipattana
Purpureomyces Luangsa-ard, Samson & Thanakitpipattana
Sungia Luangsa-ard, Samson & Thanakitpipattana
Yosiokobayasia Samson, Luangsa-ard & Thanakitpipattana
New species:
Metarhizium biotecense Luangsa-ard, Khonsanit, Thanakitpipattana & Samson, M. candelabrum Luangsa-ard, Mongkolsamrit, Thanakitpipattana & Samson, M. cercopidarum Luangsa-ard, Mongkolsamrit, Thanakitpipattana & Samson, M. cicadae Luangsa-ard, Tasanathai, Thanakitpipattana & Samson, M. clavatum Luangsa-ard, Mongkolsamrit, Lamlertthon, Thanakitpipattana & Samson, M. culicidarum Luangsa-ard, Khonsanit, Thanakitpipattana & Samson, M. eburneum Luangsa-ard, Noisripoom, Thanakitpipattana & Samson, M. ellipsoideum Luangsa-ard, Khonsanit, Thanakitpipattana & Samson, M. flavum Luangsa-ard, Mongkolsamrit, Thanakitpipattana & Samson, M. fusoideum Luangsa-ard, Mongkolsamrit, Thanakitpipattana & Samson, M. huainamdangense Luangsa-ard, Mongkolsamrit, Thanakitpipattana & Samson, M. megapomponiae Luangsa-ard, Tasanathai, Thanakitpipattana & Samson, M. niveum Luangsa-ard, Tasanathai, Thanakitpipattana & Samson, M. nornnoi Luangsa-ard, Khonsanit, Thanakitpipattana & Samson, M. ovoidosporum Luangsa-ard, Khonsanit, Thanakitpipattana & Samson, M. phuwiangense Luangsa-ard, Mongkolsamrit, Himaman, Thanakitpipattana & Samson, M. purpureonigrum Luangsa-ard, Tasanathai, Thanakitpipattana & Samson, M. purpureum Luangsa-ard, Mongkolsamrit, Lamlertthon, Thanakitpipattana & Samson, M. sulphureum Luangsa-ard, Khonsanit, Thanakitpipattana & Samson,
Purpureomyces maesotensis Luangsa-ard, Noisripoom, Thanakitpipattana & Samson, P. pyriformis Luangsa-ard, Noisripoom, Himaman, Mongkolsamrit, Thanakitpipattana & Samson
New combinations:
Keithomyces acicularis (H. Iwasaki et al.) Samson, Luangsa-ard & Houbraken, Keithomyces carneus (Duché & R. Heim) Samson, Luangsa-ard & Houbraken, Keithomyces neogunnii (T.C. Wen & K.D. Hyde) Luangsa-ard, Thanakitpipattana & Samson,
Marquandomyces marquandii (Massee) Samson, Houbraken & Luangsa-ard,
Papiliomyces liangshanensis (M. Zang et al.) Luangsa-ard, Samson & Thanakitpipattana, Papiliomyces shibinensis (T.C. Wen et al.) Luangsa-ard Samson & Thanakitpipattana,
Purpureomyces khaoyaiensis (Hywel-Jones) Luangsa-ard, Samson & Thanakitpipattana,
Sungia yongmunensis (G.H. Sung et al.) Luangsa-ard, Thanakitpipattana & Samson,
Yosiokobayasia kusanagiensis (Kobayasi & Shimizu) Samson, Luangsa-ard & Thanakitpipattana
Neotype: Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) Sorokīn
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| Metarhizium megapomponiae (BBH 19860). A–B. Fungus on adult cicada. Metarhizium niveum (BBH 35742). A. Fungus on adult cicada. Metarhizium ovoidosporum (BBH 25358). A. Fungus on adult Lophopid planthopper. |
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| Metarhizium megapomponiae (BBH 19860, culture ex-type BCC 25100). A–B. Fungus on adult cicada. C. Phialides and conidia on host. D–E. Conidium on insect host. F. Colonies on OA. G–H. Phialides and conidia on OA. I. Conidia on OA. J. Colonies on PDA. K–L. Phialides and conidia on PDA. M. Conidia on PDA. Scale bars: A, B = 10 mm; C = 8 μm; D–M =5 μm. |
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| Purpureomyces khaoyaiensis (NHJ00855.01, BCC1376). A. Stroma arising from Lepidoptera larva. B. Oblique perithecial. C. Section through the stroma showing perithecia. Scale bars: A = 5 mm; B = 4 mm; C = 200 μm. Purpureomyces pyriformis (BBH 43364, culture ex-type BCC 85074). A–B. Stroma arising from Lepidoptera pupa. C. Perithecia. Scale bars: A = 5 mm; B = 2 mm; C = 150 μm. |
Suchada Mongkolsamrit, Artit Khonsanit, Donnaya Thanakitpipattana, K. Tasanathai, W. Noisripoom, S. Lamlertthon, W. Himaman, J. Houbraken, R. A. Samson and J. Luangsa-ard. 2020. Revisiting Metarhizium and the Description of New Species from Thailand. Studies in Mycology. 95; 171-251. DOI: 10.1016/j.simyco.2020.04.001